According to the Ministry of External Affairs of India (2001), about 33 million people of Indian origin live outside the country. The population has increased substantially in recent times in the era of globalization, ICTs, and rapid modes of transportation. Gujaratis are a well-known social diasporic group of India. They have emigrated abroad to work as traders, people in business, shopkeepers, hoteliers, professionals, etc. Most emigrated after India became an independent nation to the USA, U.K., Canada, European countries, and so on as semi-skilled and skilled migrants. They have made a significant contribution to host countries and their origin areas. The impact of remittances, association groups, and philanthropic contributions in different ways by the emigrants or social groups at the micro and macro levels could be easily seen. The International migration or Diaspora from a region is likely to contribute significantly through the economic and social remittances to the development process over a period to the economies and communities at the place of origin. Social remittances are ideas, know-how, norms, values, knowledge, behavior, practices, and skills that migrants bring home or send home from abroad (Levitt, 1998, 2001; Levitt and Lamba-Nieves, 2011). There are more than 8 lakh NRI accounts in Gujarat, and the total deposits amounted to well over US$ 40 billion (2006). The remittance flow from NRGs is so substantial that Madhapur, a Gujarat village, is amongst Asia's wealthiest. As noted earlier, Gujaratis are indulging more in social remittances in the forms of charity, gifts, and relief during disasters. The paper examines the understanding of the historical and contemporary pattern of international migration/ Diaspora from the state of Gujarat and its impact on the various levels of the development process of Gujarat based on the secondary and primary levels of data analysis by using the mixed methodology.

This study meant to explore the connection between maternal dietary intake and the cognitive development of lactating infants. A sample of lactating women (n=75) was collected, and data on maternal dietary patterns, nutrient intake levels, and infant  development scores were collected. Previous examination was utilized to evaluate the relationship between maternal dietary intake and offspring overall  development. The outcomes showed a huge positive relationship between maternal dietary intake and infant rational development (F = 54.209, p < 0.001). Specifically, higher nutrient intake levels and healthier dietary patterns were associated with better cognitive development scores in infants. The model explained approximately 64.5% of the variance in infant intellectual development scores. These findings suggest that maternal dietary habits play a crucial role in the cognitive development of infants. Promoting healthier maternal nutrition during lactation may have long-term benefits for infant growth and development.

Keywords: Maternal dietary intake, cognitive development, nutrition, lactation.

 For every movement, we require muscle strength. In technical terms, muscle strength describes the force generated when a muscle or group of muscles contracts. In practical terms, muscle strength refers to the capacity to lift, push or pull against weight. Maintaining muscle strength over the long term is an essential component of our good health. The increasing age decreases strength, these made effect on mobility and its decline social engagement of the seniors. United Nations Population Fund and Help Age India suggests that India had 90 million elderly persons in 2011, with the number expected to grow to 173 million by 2026, of the 90 million seniors, 30 million are living alone, and 90 per cent work for livelihood The researcher was conducted a research, to find out health developmental exercise module for seniors. The present experiment was conducted by using Double-Pretest Posttest Single-Group Design. Urban Male Senior Citizens, aged 60 to 70 years was the target population of the study. Thirty (n=30) Male Senior Citizens of aged 60 to 70 years from Juinagar Citizen Club, Navi Mumbai were selected for the experiment. Yogic Practices were selected as Independent Variables whereas Muscular Strength was selected as Dependent Variable. Upper and Lower body muscular strength of the seniors was recorded in Preterst-1 Pretest-2 and Posttest. After Pretest-1, all selected subjects were restricted to participate in any yogic practices for ‘Ten Weeks’ i.e. blank period of the study, after the blank period of ‘Ten Weeks’, Pretest-2 of the same variables were conducted. After Pretest-2 all selected subjects were exposed to ‘Yogic Treatment’ for the period of ‘Ten Weeks’, daily in the morning for 60 minutes, except Sundays. After ‘Yogic Treatment’ Posttest of the same variable was conducted and data was recorded for the further investigation. It can be seen that there is significant difference in Lower Body Strength as well Upper Body Strength between Pretest-1 and Posttest at 0.01 level. This study was concluded that, Ten weeks selected Yoga training program helps to improve the Stregnth of Lower Body and Upper Body in Senior Urban Citizens.

Keywords: - Muscular Strength, Senior Citizens, Yoga

This research paper is an attempt to study the organizational climate of secondary schools as perceived by teachers. The survey method of descriptive research has been adopted to carry out the study. The study was carried out in Kashmir division of Jammu and Kashmir. Simple random technique was adopted to select a sample of 600 teachers working in govt as well as private secondary school teachers in Kashmir. The findings of the study showed different satisfaction levels with respect to the organisational climate of their respective schools with majority of the teachers moderately satisfied with the organisational climate.

Key Words: Organisational Climate, Secondary School, Teachers, Kashmir.

The COVID-19 pandemic has created previously unheard-of difficulties for the entire world, affecting social progress and economic stability among other aspects of life. The purpose of this paper is to provide insights into how the pandemic has affected Odisha's efforts to eradicate poverty as they relate to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) framework. The main aim of the study is to examine the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) target-wise budget allocation Across the Goal. 1 to eradicate extreme poverty in 2030. This study examines at the relationship between COVID-19 and the progress made in reaching SDG targets related to eradicating poverty, with an emphasis on Odisha, a state with high rates of poverty and continuing SDGs initiatives. The present study found that the Goal 4 on Quality education has the highest allocation share and constitutes14.35%of the total budget followed by Goal 10 on reducing inequalities. Transfers from the State also have a significant contribution of 13.26% for the achievement of the goal objectives.   It aims to identify potential strategies and interventions to mitigate the adverse effects of the pandemic on poverty eradication efforts, thereby contributing to the resilience and adaptability of development initiatives in Odisha.

Keywords: Covid-19, Poverty Eradication, SDGs, Odisha, Socio-Economic Indicators

JEL Classification: I15, I30, I32, I38

In this era, elementary education has become more attractive with the digital touch. Technology plays a crucial role in an integrated classroom environment. Elementary education transformed from a blackboard to the digital tools of teachers. Teachers enhance their teaching skills through various online teaching-learning platforms. Many of them are also active on social media. In these days, to face some educational-related problems, teachers go through the internet and find the appropriate solution. One side of the Internet is beneficial, but the other side introduces cyber-threats and cyber-attacks. Hackers access personal data and use it in a bad manner. This paper investigates the awareness of cyber security among elementary school teachers in Purulia District. 100 respondents are from rural and urban school localities as a sample of this study. The descriptive survey method has been used. The result shows that no significant difference of elementary teachers on the basis of gender. But there is notable difference on the school locale.

Keywords: Cyber-security Awareness, Elementary school Teachers, Purulia District, Cyber-treats and Cyber-attacks.

secondary school teachers and their attitudes towards teaching efficiency, with a focus on schools in the Birbhum district in West Bengal, India. Job satisfaction among educators is a critical aspect influencing teaching quality and overall educational outcomes. Understanding the factors contributing to job satisfaction, particularly in relation to attitudes towards teaching efficiency, is paramount for educational policymakers and administrators to enhance the quality of education.

            The research employs a mixed-methods approach, incorporating both quantitative and qualitative methodologies. A structured questionnaire is administered to a sample of secondary school teachers in the chosen district, assessing their job satisfaction levels and attitudes towards teaching efficiency. Additionally, semi-structured interviews are conducted to gather qualitative insights into the underlying factors influencing teachers' perceptions and attitudes.

Statistical analyses are conducted to elucidate the relationship between job satisfaction and attitudes towards teaching efficiency. Correlation analysis is employed to examine the strength and direction of the association between these variables. Furthermore, multiple regression analysis is conducted to identify the significant predictors of job satisfaction among secondary school teachers.

            Preliminary findings indicate a positive correlation between job satisfaction and attitudes towards teaching efficiency among secondary school teachers in the studied district. Additionally, regression analysis reveals that attitudes towards teaching efficiency significantly predict job satisfaction levels, highlighting the importance of fostering positive attitudes towards effective teaching practices to enhance teachers' overall job satisfaction.

            The implications of these findings are discussed in the context of educational policy and practice, emphasizing the need for interventions aimed at improving teaching efficiency and promoting job satisfaction among secondary school teachers. Recommendations are provided for educational stakeholders to create supportive environments that nurture positive attitudes towards teaching effectiveness, ultimately fostering a conducive atmosphere for quality education in the region.

With the emphasis on accountability in educational reform, principals must prioritize instructional leadership in their position of leading a school. The objective of this study was to examine the influence of Marzano's instructional leadership model on enhancing the skills and abilities of Principals, teachers, and students. The research was carried out in the Latehar district of Jharkhand, India. The intervention involved providing training to school principals and teachers on Marzano's supervisory model, engaging them in book readings and conversations, and facilitating the implementation of this approach in their respective schools. The study investigated the influence of instructional leadership in this model on both the overall school climate and the six dimensions of school climate: supportive principal behavior, directive principal behavior, restrictive principal behavior, collegial teacher behavior, committed/intimate teacher behavior, and disengaged teacher behavior. The study also analyzed the impact of the intervention on the frequency with which a principal observed a teacher to enhance instruction. The study concluded that the instructional leadership training and the application of Marzano's Supervision Model did not result in a statistically meaningful influence on school climate. Nevertheless, the study revealed a notable disparity in the frequency of teacher evaluations conducted by principals to enhance instruction. This disparity was observed among the principals who received instructional leadership training and implemented Marzano's supervision techniques and those who did not receive the training and did not implement Marzano's supervision. The main feature of this study is to identify the importance of Marzano's teaching supervision model in secondary schools. Therefore, more actionable, and concrete feedback has been collected by the researcher due to implementing this model in secondary schools. Additionally, the study revealed a notable disparity in the frequency of teacher evaluations conducted by the principals, as reported by the teachers, both before and after the principal's involvement in instructional leadership training and the implementation of Marzano's Model.

Keywords: Marzano's teaching supervision model, Secondary schools, Teachers, Students, School principal, Education process