Agricultural transformation and food security are interconnected concepts that represent critical challenges and opportunities in global food systems. Agricultural transformation refers to the process of modernizing and improving agricultural practices, technologies and systems to increase productivity and sustainability. This transformation is essential in the context of food security, which is defined as a state where all individuals have access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food to lead healthy lives. The growing global population, coupled with climate change and economic disparities, underscores the urgency of advancing agricultural methods to ensure food availability and equity in access.

This review examines the intricate relationship between agricultural transformation and global food security. It explores the historical evolution of agricultural practices, from the Agricultural Revolution to the Green Revolution, highlighting their impact on food production and societal development. The review analyzes the concept of sustainable agriculture, emphasizing its importance in balancing current food needs with the preservation of natural resources for future generations. Key technological innovations, including precision agriculture, AI and blockchain are discussed in the context of enhancing agricultural efficiency and sustainability. The impact of climate change on agriculture and the resulting challenges to food security are also addressed. Furthermore, the review delves into the drivers of agricultural transformation, focusing on transformation readiness, the quality of agricultural plans, and effective delivery mechanisms. It examines case studies showcasing diverse agricultural practices and their outcomes, particularly within the Indian context. Finally, the review explores future perspectives on agricultural transformation, emphasizing the role of technological advancements, sustainable practices and socioeconomic considerations in achieving global food security.

The present study was carried out to study mental health of senior secondary school students with respect to gender and self-concept. In the present study, survey technique under descriptive research was used. Multistage sampling along with stratified random sampling and incidental sampling were used to select the sample of 737 senior secondary school students (314 males and 423 females) of +2 class. Standardised tool ‘Mental Health Battery’ by Arun Kumar Singh and Alpana Sen Gupta and self-made tool ‘Self-Concept Scale’ were used to collect the necessary data. Collected data was analysed by applying descriptive statistics and Analysis of Variance. The findings of the study indicated that male and female senior secondary school students possessed similar level of mental health. Senior secondary school students having different level of self-concept differed significantly with respect to their mental health. Gender and self-concept do not interact significantly with respect to mental health of senior secondary school students.

The erstwhile Dhule district is presently divided into two districts viz., Dhule and Nandurbar in Maharashtra state (India). The ethnobotanical observations during botanization in the region yielded noteworthy information on local biodiversity. As many as 34 plant species pertaining to 28 genera and 21 angiospermic families appeared under exploitation. These are being used tremendously for various purposes. Their underground parts, leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds or entire plants are being exhausted for daily human needs in these districts. Their use-reports are analysed as such: underground parts (08), leaves (05), flowers (02), fruits (07), seeds (03), entire plants (01), fibre (01), for fodder (03) and timber (07). The figures in parenthesis denoted for number of species. If this trend of over-exploitation is not checked in time, these taxa may deplete further in nature. Thought of sustainability was inherent in Indian culture but with time,  human population is forced towards over-exploitation for various reasons. An awareness of native people is the need of hour to save biodiversity loss in these districts.

This empirical investigation explores the impact of Judo Kata training on the neuromuscular coordination specifically, the eye-foot synchrony of collegiate male students aged 17 to 19 years. The primary objective was to analyse and compare the adjusted mean scores of eye-foot coordination between a treatment cohort subjected to Judo Kata regimens and a non-intervention control cohort, utilizing baseline coordination metrics as covariates through the application of Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA).

A purposive sample of 70 male undergraduates from Prakash College, Kandivali (W), was bifurcated into two homogeneous subgroups: an experimental arm and a control arm, each comprising 35 participants. The experimental group engaged in a meticulously structured 16-week Judo Kata training protocol, entailing five sessions per week, each of 60 minutes’ duration. The regimen emphasized the technical execution of traditional throwing forms (Nage No Kata), encompassing Te Waza (hand techniques), Koshi Waza (hip techniques), Ashi Waza (foot techniques), Ma Sutemi Waza (rear sacrifice techniques), and Yoko Sutemi Waza (side sacrifice techniques).

Creativity being an important cognitive aspect to excel thinking outside the box leads manifestation to the innovations. It is essential to identify and nurture the creative potentialities of teacher-educators, so that it may be transformed to classrooms. The present investigation was undertaken to study the creativity of teacher-educators with regards to fluency, flexibility, originality, elaboration and abstractness. A representative sample of 50 teacher-educators from the Teacher Education Institutions (TEIs) of Fatehabad district of Haryana as the field of investigation was drawn using random sampling technique. Creative Test Inventory was used to find out the differences in creativity between males and females of Teacher Education Institutions (TEIs). After tabulating the data in the form of standard scores, the different results were found. Male and Female were found to be significantly different on various attributes of creative thinking i.e. Fluency, Flexibility, Originality, Elaboration and Abstractness in their creative thinking.

 “Your body hears everything that, your mind says!” this quote reflects the importance of our mind and body co-relation. The great Philosopher, Aristotle said that, the Sound mind… is in our Sound body...! The focus or objectives of this study is on the development of knowledge, understanding, skills and attitude among the B.Ed. Students about the importance of Health, Yoga and Sports in our life. As well as, a today’s Teacher- trainees are tomorrows nation builders... They should know very well about the need, importance, types, core characteristics, differences between health, sports and yoga activities. Teacher -trainees should know about how to do or conduct these activities as a teacher in the schools and in their own life also. The Objectives of this research as mentioned above, Researcher has used Experimental Research Method to check the effectiveness of these activities included in the SPPU B.Ed. Syllabus under the course code No. 112 i.e. Health & Yoga. The Randomized -lottery Sampling method was chosen by the researcher and Single Group – Pre & Post Test - Research design was used for this Research. The Teacher training colleges affiliated under the Savitribai Phule Pune University are the population of this research and the 50 students of the one teacher training college were the Sample of this study. For data collection researcher has used a questionnaire for it as a Pre and Post Test. The mean, average, median, Standard- Deviation, Co-relation and the ‘t’- Test was used to analyse the collected data by researcher. The Findings and the conclusion are mentioned at the end of this research paper, and it shows that, the implementation of Health, yoga & sports related activities made progress and   a positive effects among the B.Ed. Teacher –trainees achievements.

The English spelling system is complex and cannot be considered simple or clear for novice learners to comprehend. Orthographic errors can distort the intended message of a written work, rendering it challenging to understand. The sub-skill of spelling is crucial in the acquisition of any language. This study employs an experimental design. From the governmental institution, approximately thirty students from the fifth-grade kids were recruited for the study from the state of Kerala. Out of thirty pupils, fifteen were designated as the control group, while the remaining fifteen comprised the experimental group, which received treatment for ten days. The experimental group received coaching for 10 days focused on writing English words accurately, addressing errors such as omission, substitution, addition, and transposition. The pre-test and post-test have been administered to both the control and experimental groups. The study's findings indicated that pupils who received experimental treatment had more improvement in writing English words accurately. Therefore, it is determined that the treatment is effective. Orthography is essential for language acquisition, particularly for literacy competencies in reading and writing. The conclusion emphasized that boosting spelling is crucial for academic achievement, and each learner must assume responsibility for developing their spelling abilities and integrating them across all skills and sub-skills.

As technology advances and becomes increasingly integrated into our lives, teachers must consistently improve their digital proficiency, highlighting the escalating significance of digital skills in contemporary education. Digital competence is not simply a skill set; it is an essential requirement for teachers in a digitally saturated environment. While digital competency is crucial for teachers at all levels, it is particularly vital for middle school teachers. This survey collects data from teachers instructing students in grades VI to VIII across all topics. The present study used a survey strategy. The random sampling approach is utilized for data collection. The study featured a total of 120 teachers, comprising 61 male teachers and 59 female teachers. This questionnaire was modified for the research context by Cabero-Almenara and Palacios-Rodríguez (2020). The Digital Competence for Teachers tool comprises six dimensions: professional dedication, digital resources, pedagogy, evaluation and feedback, empowering learners, and enabling students' digital competency. The primary purpose of the study is to determine the significant mean differences among gender, internet usage, qualifications, and experience of teachers. The results indicated a significant mean across all analysed demographic variables. The digital competency of middle school teachers is crucial for equipping students to meet the demands of the contemporary world.

The present research work was specifically undertaken to study the adjustment problems of senior secondary school students with respect to their gender and school environment. Survey technique under descriptive method of research was adopted in this present investigation. By employing convenient sampling technique a sample of 750 senior secondary schools students were selected from four district of Himachal Pradesh. The data were collected with the help of standardized tool i.e.  ”Adjustment Inventory for School Students” by Sinha and Singh (2007) and “School Environment Scale” developed by researcher herself.  The collected data were analyzed by employing Analysis of Variance (Two way). The results of the study revealed that there exists no significant gender-wise difference in adjustment problem of senior secondary school students. The results also revealed that that senior secondary school students possessing different level of school environment did not differ significantly from each other with regard to their adjustment problems. Further, the results showed that there exists no significant combined influence of gender and school environment with respect to adjustment problems of secondary school students. This showed that gender and level of school environment did not taken together influenced adjustment problem of senior secondary school students significantly. Towards the end of the paper major findings, discussion on the results and implications of the findings of the investigation have been discussed in detail.

The National Education Policy 2020 has addressed the issues and concerns of Teachers and Teacher Education and made recommendations to ensure quality teachers at all levels of school education, their improved service conditions, career management, professional development, etc. The National Education Policy 2020 ( NEP 2020, point 15.5) highlighted that 4-year integrated teacher preparation programme will be a dual-major holistic bachelor’s degree, in Education as well as a specialized subject (such as language, history, music, mathematics, computer science, chemistry, economics, art, physical-education, etc.). Beyond the teaching of cutting-edge pedagogy, the teacher education will include grounding in sociology, history, science, psychology, early childhood care and education, foundational literacy and numeracy, knowledge of India and its values/ethos/art/traditions, and more. To achieve this goal, NEP 2020 signifies a crucial paradigm shift in the realm of teacher preparation. This paper is an attempt to critically analyze the impact of NEP 2020 on teacher preparation, with a keen focus on its potential to uphold and enhance the quality of education across the nation through integrated teacher education programme. For the critical analysis of NEP 2020 in the light of teacher education, insights were collected from teacher educators of Himachal Pradesh. Moreover, the paper meticulously explores both the benefits and challenges associated with these integrated training reforms, shedding light on their implications for the broader education landscape in India particularly in Himachal Pradesh. By incorporating perspectives from policymakers and educators alike, this paper provides invaluable insights into the transformative potential of NEP 2020 in shaping the future of teacher preparation and advancing the quality of education in the state and nationwide.

A crucial predictor of academic achievement, especially for kids with disabilities like visual impairment, is Quality of School Life (QSL). Children with visual impairments (CWVI) frequently traverse challenging educational environments that are characterised by both enduring obstacles and opportunities. In order to investigate how CWVI experience and perceive their QSL, this systematic review synthesises empirical research that was published between 2000 and 2022. Seventeen studies, representing a range of geographical and cultural contexts, satisfied the inclusion criteria. The results show that a variety of interconnected factors, such as early educational foundations, curriculum accessibility, social inclusion, teacher attitudes and practices, emotional wellbeing, and family involvement, influence QSL for CWVI. There are still large gaps in practice even with the advancement of inclusive education policies. Inaccessible learning environments, inadequate training for teachers in visual impairment, social marginalisation, and increased susceptibility to emotional distress are some of the barriers that have been identified. On the other hand, QSL is positively impacted by protective factors like early intervention, assistive technology, social skills training, supportive peer networks, and active home-school collaboration. Cross-cultural differences show how CWVI's educational experiences and results are influenced by societal attitudes, resource allocation, and policy implementation. The review emphasises that attaining truly inclusive education for CWVI necessitates consistent work at the institutional, systemic, and classroom levels in addition to policy mandates. Strengthening teacher professional development, making instructional materials more accessible, encouraging social inclusion programs, and giving culturally sensitive practices top priority are some of the recommendations. To improve the QSL of CWVI, future studies should concentrate on context-specific interventions and longitudinal designs. Teachers, legislators, and practitioners working to establish fair and encouraging learning environments for students with visual impairments can benefit greatly from the important insights this review offers.

This meta-analysis explores the perceptions of coaches and para-athletes regarding the role of stakeholders in key organizational aspects, including finance, time management, training programs, and coaching strategies. Through a systematic review of relevant literature from databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, studies were selected based on predefined inclusion criteria. Findings reveal that stakeholder engagement significantly impacts the sustainability and efficiency of para-sports organizations. Financial stability, adaptive governance models, and structured partnerships with policymakers, sponsors, and sports federations are crucial for enhancing training quality and athlete development. Additionally, coaching strategies tailored to para-athletes' unique needs, including psychological support and adaptive training methodologies, play a pivotal role in optimizing performance. However, challenges such as financial constraints, inadequate media representation, and limited post-career support persist, necessitating more comprehensive policy interventions. The study underscores the need for a stakeholder-driven approach to parasports governance, emphasizing inclusivity, strategic planning, and long-term sustainability. Future research should explore cross-cultural governance models, the impact of media representation, and sustainable financial frameworks to enhance the parasports ecosystem further.

Education plays a vital role for the development of society and young generation because it builds and develop a person's beliefs, ideologies, values and take a substantial role in inclusive growth of any country. Inclusive education refers to empowering of every child with skills and knowledge giving equal opportunity to every child to access education equally. The application of ICT in higher education has great implications for the whole educational process, especially in solving problems of accessibility, quality, equity, management, efficiency, and teaching pedagogy. The use of the Internet, web and development of different communication channels have brought the world closer and thus contributed in the concepts of globalization.  The main aim of this paper is to know the use of ICT in higher education in context with equity and access for inclusion and to be acquainted with the role of ICT on accessibility of higher education. To achieve this aim, many research papers, articles, Ph.D. theses and books were reviewed. Accessibility may broadly categories into three spheres which are Physical accessibility Technological accessibility and Attitudinal dimensions.

As the world becomes increasingly interconnected, businesses and organizations have a greater impact on society, and there is a growing recognition that they have a responsibility to operate in a way that is ethical, sustainable, and socially responsible. Hence, understanding social responsibility from the lens of extension management is critical for promoting sustainable development and ensuring that businesses are operating in a socially responsible and sustainable manner. By incorporating social responsibility into extension programs, managers can help businesses to address their social and environmental impacts while also promoting economic growth and building relationships with stakeholders.

This research proposal revolves around the formulation and evaluation of nanoemulgels containing extracts from Boswellia serrata and Withania somnifera, traditional medicinal plants known for their anti-inflammatory properties. The specific focus is to develop a viable therapeutic agent that may hold potential in the treatment and management of osteoarthritis. The scientific approach integrates pharmaceutical formulation, advanced characterization techniques, and in vitro testing methods, paving the way for an innovative treatment paradigm that fuses traditional wisdom with modern pharmaceutical science.

This study represents an integrative effort to harness the therapeutic potential of these botanical extracts, applying state-of-the-art nanotechnology to maximize their bioavailability and efficacy. It signifies a novel endeavor to address the debilitating condition of osteoarthritis, which affects millions of individuals worldwide.

India’s early democratic experience was influenced by colonial legislative councils and local elections. Historically after independence, India held simultaneous elections until the late 1960s when political disruptions began creating staggered electoral cycles. General elections at present are conducted separately for Parliament and state assembly when the incumbent government's tenure ends or gets dissolved for some reason. One Nation One Election is a proposal to synchronize elections for India’s Lok Sabha, state assembly and local self-governments. Simultaneous elections ensure convenience, will ensure higher economic stability and growth and will prevent policy paralysis and enhance focus on governance. For a sustainable political environment, democracy needs the active participation of citizens. For a voter National and state issues may sound different. The sudden implementation of the One Nation One election system may pose many issues related to provincial autonomy, disturbances in regional political ambiance and the requirement of constitutional amendments. Effective steps to preserve the ideology of federalism and synchronization of electoral cycles through consensus are essential for Indian democracy.

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) introduced, e-Rupee, India's Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC), to supplement as real currency. It represents a revolutionary shift in the Indian financial ecosystem. Opportunities abound, including expanding financial inclusion by cutting transaction costs by boosting the effectiveness and security of both domestic and international payments. The e-Rupee can also fight the problem of counterfeit money and increase transparency, which will lessen corruption and illegal activity. Innovative uses like conditional transfers and targeted subsidies are made possible by its programmability, which also encourages the transition to a cashless economy.

The e-Rupee's implementation is not without difficulties, though. Important issues include preserving user privacy while offering transaction transparency, ensuring strong cybersecurity to fend off online attacks, and fostering public confidence in a totally digital monetary system. Obstacles include the high expenses of developing technological infrastructure and the requirement to inform the public about the use of digital currency. In order to balance innovation and financial stability and handle any shocks to conventional banking institutions, careful preparation is also required. The e-Rupee has the ability to completely transform India's financial sector by updating payment methods and resolving inefficiencies. But overcoming these obstacles via a staggered deployment, stakeholder cooperation, and proactive policy initiatives is what will make it successful. With strategic implementation, the e-Rupee can accelerate India’s transition to a more inclusive and digital economy.

Today, in the light of experiencing division of the citizen among different religious group across the country, a debate on 'secularism' appears to be extremely important. It is to be noted that the challenge of communalism in Indian society is not a new fact or event in the society. It is rather disconcerting and shameful that, even after more than 70 years of independence the situation is not so favorable. Even the Constitution of India clearly declares that India is secular country, but it has nothing to add in practicality and the situation remains the same as it was before the insertion of the word ‘secular’ in the Constitution. By safeguarding countrywide harmony, unity and dignity, the concept of secularism is integrated into the advancement of democracy. The Constitution of India for the establishment of secular communities, incorporated relevant provisions. For instance, Article 15 provides that state shall not distinguish on the basis of religion, color, caste, gender, place of birth against any person. Further, under Part III of the Indian Constitution, Article 25 provides right to freedom of religions to all the person including citizens and non-citizens. The concerned article provides that every person (whether citizens or not) is entitled to practice and promote his religion without any restrictions. Similarly, article 30 provides to build religious educational institution by the minorities. Article 28 demonstrates that no religious institutions shall be made by the help of state funds and thus restrict the interference of the state in religious affairs to some extent. In this review paper, the researcher will discuss the concept of the word Secularism, their history and meaning in different jurisdictions. Further, the researcher will discuss the existence of the secularism under the Indian Constitution. At last the researcher will discuss the importance of the secularism in India and challenges accorded in implementing the concept.

This paper explores judicial activism as a democratic force within the context of ensuring checks and balances in governance. Judicial activism, the proactive role of the judiciary in upholding the Constitution and protecting citizens' rights, has gained importance in democracies, especially in safeguarding against abuses of power by the executive and legislative branches. By interpreting laws and sometimes expanding beyond conventional judicial review, courts play an essential role in reinforcing democratic values and responding to societal needs. Through a comparative analysis of landmark cases and international practices, this study examines how judicial activism has served as a corrective mechanism, reinforcing the judiciary’s role as a protector of constitutional integrity. It further considers criticisms of judicial overreach, emphasizing the need for a balanced approach where judicial activism respects the separation of powers while addressing governmental inadequacies. Ultimately, the paper argues that judicial activism, when exercised judiciously, fortifies democracy by upholding checks and balances, thus ensuring accountability and responsiveness in governance.

There are many transgender Autobiographies which talks about their life. They expressed through writing. A. Revathi’s literary pieces namely, The Truth About Me: A Hijra Life Story (2010) she not only written but performed to express her inner turmoil. The purpose of this study is to attempt to evaluate semiotic transformation in A. Revathi's kannada translated autobiography "Baduku Bayalu," from text to theatre performance. Semiotic means "meaning-making activity," The study of signs and symbols as a crucial component of communication is explored in the semiotic act. Here, A.Revathi acted out her own life after seeing a performance of it on stage. The idea and choice to portray her life on stage represents a significant semantic change. Her theatrical performance left a lasting impression on the audience. A. Revathi discussed this in her interview prior to the performance, mentioning how people's perceptions of her changed as a result. She thought it was the most effective medium to use.     

In this paper an attempt is made to review the current status of micro finance sector in the state of Karnataka, in terms of potential demand for micro finance services, current level of outreach and supply in relation to the potential, and extent of involvement of various types of institutions. The rural bankers, NGOs and some government functionaries have done splendid work in the development of self-help groups in the state of Karnataka. The state of Karnataka has been a pioneer in the programme of SHG Bank Linkage and is indeed hailed as a laboratory for micro finance innovations. Under the “Stree Shakthi” programme of Government of Karnataka, the Department of Women and Child Welfare is actively involved in the promotion of SHGs. On the other hand the Regional Rural Banks have themselves promoted thousands of SHGs and have credit linked them a commendable service indeed.

Agriculture is the mainstay of the Indian economy. Without the development of agriculture and rural economy, the overall development of the country is not possible. In this context, modernization of agricultural market is necessary. Hence, online marketing system plays an important role in agriculture. The change in the landscape, digital revolution, increase in knowledge among people has led to significant advancement in online agriculture market. AI and machine learning, black chain technology, agri-fintech etc. are also complementing online agriculture marketing. Indian online agriculture marketing holds a latent potential for considerable growth due to self-reliance of farmers, increase in their standard of living, empowerment in food system. But limited access to technology and internet, inadequate cold chain infrastructure, lack of marketing expertise, complex regulations and complex licensing controls have hindered the development of online agricultural markets. Against this backdrop, this study has several objectives. They include, evaluate the overall impact of online agricultural marketing, Analyze the hurdles impeding progress and Analyze existing policies and regulations governing online agricultural marketing. The study is based on secondary data. Online agriculture market has its own impact on farmers, consumers and Agriculture Sector as a Whole.

The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 marks a significant shift in how India views and values its heritage. This paper reviews how NEP 2020 seeks to integrate the Indian Knowledge System (IKS) into education. It discusses the vision behind this move, the steps taken to implement it, challenges faced on the ground, and possible ways forward. The study highlights that while the policy has opened new doors to revive India’s intellectual traditions, its success will depend on how effectively these ideas are brought to classrooms in a practical, inclusive, and meaningful way.

Self Help Groups have greater influence on socio - economic variables of its members, it may be towards equity or disparity. Educational expenditure is increasing towards equality due to SHGs. This is good sign of socio - economic development of society due to SHGs. But medical expenditure and entertainment expenditure are increasing with disparity due to SHGs is main social concern. Thus, to generalize this successful movement in entire nation should have proper policy measures and efficient implementation of the same.

The concept of SHGs is very significant for poor people, especially the rural women those who don’t have any alternative for living. The empowerment of women through SHG would lead to benefit not only to the individual women and women groups but also for their families and community through collective action for development. (Pawar S.A., 2019) These groups have a common perception of need and impulse towards collective action. SHGs have greater influence on socio - economic variables of its members, it may be towards equity or disparity. Thus, in this paper researcher has tried to focus on inter regional disparity of socio - economic variable due to SHGs in Maharashtra.

The integration of digital technology has profoundly reshaped women’s safety in contemporary society, expanding access to education, entrepreneurship, healthcare, and global advocacy networks. Yet, alongside these advancements emerge significant risks, including online harassment, identity theft, AI-driven surveillance, and exclusion from digital policymaking. This study conducts a doctrinal legal analysis of India's legislative landscape to assess how digital frameworks address the intersection of gender, data privacy, and drug-related vulnerabilities. Central to the inquiry are three statutes: the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act (1985), the Information Technology Act (2000), and the recently enacted Digital Personal Data Protection Act (2023), which collectively form the statutory foundation for regulating online threats and personal data governance. The paper also evaluates pivotal judicial precedents and international legal instruments, including the Budapest Convention on Cybercrime, to identify normative gaps and implementation challenges.

Findings reveal that existing laws inadequately address gendered dimensions of cybercrime, particularly for women recovering from addiction or at risk of digital exploitation. The increasing reliance on AI-enabled predictive policing in drug enforcement, while enhancing state capabilities, poses substantial risks to privacy, due process, and non-discrimination. The study advocates a multi-dimensional legal reform agenda that includes gender-sensitive data protection, enhanced intermediary liability, and robust digital rights frameworks. Recommendations include mandatory training for law enforcement on gendered cyber threats, participatory policymaking, and the adoption of a rights-based approach to digital governance. Through inclusive and forward-looking legal strategies, India can build a secure and equitable digital ecosystem that upholds the dignity, autonomy, and rights of all women—especially those confronting intersectional vulnerabilities.

Agriculture diversification encompasses a range of activities apart from crops, and this diversification is an important strategy in addressing the issues confronting the agricultural sector of India. Some of these issues include climate change, market volatility, and risk reduction. This paper explores the trend and intensity of agricultural and crop diversification in India from 2014-15 to 2023-24. The study is based on secondary data from government reports, namely the Economic Survey and the Agriculture Statistics. The study focuses on the contribution made by crops, livestock, forestry, and fisheries to Gross Value Added in the sector. The two statistical tools have been used to measure crop diversification i.e., the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) and Simpson's Index of Diversification (SID). The findings of the study indicate that in the last ten years, the process of diversification has constantly increased crop diversification as well as the diversification of agricultural activities as it reflects a constant downward shift of HHI and the SID is increasing accordingly. These are a testament to the increased significance of diversification in the agriculture sector which not only enhances its resilience to climate change but also the stability of farm earnings.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the effectiveness of teachers of Kendriya Vidyalayas and Navodaya Vidyalayas teachers and mental health. The study sample consisted of 370 secondary school teachers with 185 students from all types of schools. These participants were incorrectly selected from 12 districts in Himachal Pradesh, India to ensure a balanced presentation of gender and location. To collect data, this study used the Teacher Efficacy Scale (TES-UK) of Umme Kulsum (2017) and the Positive Inventory of Mental Health (PMHI-ACHR) developed by Agashe and Halode (2007). The results showed a strong positive correlation between the effectiveness of teachers in Kendriya Vidyalayas and Navodaya Vidyalayas and the mental health of educators.

This indicates that improvements in mental wells in both educational settings can contribute to improving lesson effectiveness. Furthermore, this study confirmed a large link between these variables, increasing the idea that teachers who improve mental health tend to have greater benefits in occupations, but lower mental health tend to be less effective. These findings highlight how important it is to support teacher intellectual wells to improve general educational outcomes and quality of education.

The Government of India's New Education Policy (NEP) 2020 marks a transformational shift in the education system by introducing formal education from the foundational stage, starting at LKG and UKG, rather than from Class 1. This paper critically examines the challenges, opportunities, and management strategies involved in executing this decision. This paper analyzes government readiness, teacher recruitment, curriculum development, infrastructural needs, and societal response. Finally, the paper proposes actionable recommendations and concludes with the potential long-term impact on India's educational ecosystem.

In the rapidly evolving landscape of education, the role of teacher education is undergoing a significant transformation. Traditional models of teacher preparation are no longer sufficient to equip educators with the skills required to meet the diverse, dynamic, and technology-driven demands of 21st-century classrooms. This paper explores innovative pedagogical practices in teacher education that foster critical thinking, adaptability, digital competence, and learner-centered teaching strategies. Emphasizing approaches such as blended learning, flipped classrooms, experiential and inquiry-based learning, and digital simulation tools, the study highlights how these methods enhance both pre-service and in-service teacher training. Through a review of current literature and case studies from progressive teacher education institutions, the research examines the effectiveness of these innovations in developing reflective, culturally responsive, and technologically adept educators. The paper concludes with recommendations for curriculum redesign, faculty development, and policy interventions to promote sustainable innovation in teacher education programs.

The research methodology of the research is a descriptive and different type involving an interpretative, conversation, observation and study secondary sources, like books, articles, journals, thesis, university news, expert opinion, and websites, etc.

This study explores the impact of training programs on employee performance in the State Bank of India (SBI), Bidar branch. With increasing competition in the banking sector, continuous employee development through effective training has become a strategic necessity. The research aims to assess the types of training provided, its effectiveness, and the subsequent improvement in employee productivity, job satisfaction, and service quality. A structured questionnaire was distributed to 50 employees of SBI Bidar, and the data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and correlation analysis. The findings reveal a significant positive relationship between training and employee performance. The study concludes with suggestions to enhance the existing training programs to better align with employee needs and organizational goals.

Himachal Pradesh is known as the “Land of Living Gods.” It is distinguished by its mystifying and fascinating tradition of worshipping local deities reflecting reverence to the celestial beings, nature and community bonds. They call Himachal “Dev Bhoomi” because every village is a home to several deities. Every village also has its territorially bound main deity and a priest (gur) who is a medium of that deity. The gur allows divine possession to take place in his body for which he enters an altered state of consciousness. Unlike the pan Indian Hindu pantheon, these deities and their gurs are a part of the everyday lives of the devotees who seek divine healing. These issues can be of varying nature, be it physical or mental health, career, familial or community related, weather or theft. Under this system the village unites and acts like a close know family which in turn fosters harmony. The role of Himachali Deities and its sociological and cultural significance is a realm largely unknown to outsiders. Staunch belief in Deity System plays a pivotal role in environmental regulation as well. Himachal Pradesh harbours around 329 documented sacred groves called Dev Vans. These are forest areas protected and reserved for their religious significance. Local communities unite to safeguard these groves against any malicious activity thereby allowing flora and fauna to flourish. The Devis and Devtas move around in their palanquin or rather which is beautifully adorned with the mask of Devi or Devta they represent. The congregation of palanquins and festivity is a sight to behold. Such processions spark cultural values in the onlookers as well. Ethnographic analysis and regional studies across different districts of Himachal reveal the Deity System (Divine Governance) as a coherent system of belief that is still practised by the villagers in the picturesque Himachal. It binds an individual to a community, ancestry and natural world. This perspective stands in contrasting to the modern-day practises which have led to hazardous climatic condition and moral crises.

Ruth Prawer Jhabvala, a celebrated writer, having the experience of a multiple diaspora, developed a love-hate relationship with India during her 25years’ stay in India. In the second phase of her career, her essential European sensibilities overshadowed her initial enchantment for everything Indian which she also confessed time and again. In ‘Heat and Dust’, her personal experiences got reflected in terms of physical and psychological trauma the westerners faced who came to India under political or spiritual obligation. Here, the writer concentrated more on the seamy side of India, its culture and climate portraying, derisively, the endemic poverty, dirt, squalor, backwardness, heat and dust- its tropical hazards. Everything appeared to be coloured with the tinge of a prejudiced perspective- a purely British point of view to strengthen the traditional image of India among the Western readers.

Performance Appraisal refers to the regular review of an employee’s job performance and overall contribution to company. Performance Appraisal is used by companies to provide employees with broad feedback on their work and to compensate suitably. The purpose of the study is to determine performance appraisal system followed by the famous companies in Information Technology sector. The other objective is the concept of the Performance Appraisal system of employees in IT sector companies like WIPRO, INFOSYS and TCS. The secondary data is collected from various sources from websites and articles. Thus, the study mainly focuses on each company’s merits and demerits of the performance appraisal system.

In the present study the investigator adopted the descriptive survey method to find out the level, significant difference if any in the depression of adolescent students in terms of variables like gender, locality of college, mode of stay and private tuitions. The investigator used the simple random sampling technique. The sample consisted of 200 science group intermediate students of age between 16-17 years from 10 Junior college of rural and urban Vijayawada. Data was collected by face-to-face interview method. Tools used for data collection were the Beck depression inventory (BDI–II; A. T. Beck, R. A. Steer, & G. K. Brown, 1996) and personal information schedule.  The study found that the depression of adolescent girls was higher than the adolescent boys. There is no significant difference between rural and urban adolescent students in their depression. There is no significant difference between day-scholar and hosteller adolescent students in their depression. There is no significant difference between private tuition going and non-going adolescent students in their depression.

The policy of Globalisation, as adopted and promoted by most of the countries of the World has resulted in making this world to be more unified as well as fragmented, both at the same time. As a result of this Globalisation, there has been a considerable increase in the exposure of Indian consumers towards various foreign products and services. The attitude of consumers towards various foreign brands or products can develop either way viz. positive or negative, depending upon various internal and external factors viz. economic, social media influences, political or cultural, etc. In the present scenario, the easy access to the internet is further adding fuel to the fire of giving exposure and information about various foreign products to the Indian consumers especially, the children and the youth of India. The demographic profile consisting of youth, ever-increasing internet penetration, and comparatively better economic performance became the main drivers for the growth of e-commerce or online shopping in India. Presently, when the government has come forward to promote local products by bringing forth campaigns like ‘Make in India’ on one hand, and policies and framework for 100% FDI in B2B eCommerce &100%FDI under automatic route for B2C e-commerce, it becomes very important to study the consumer ethnocentrism in the Indian online markets.  There is a significant need for understanding various factors that guide the consumers in determining their choices or preferences among local/domestic products vs. foreign products available in the online markets. So, this paper explores the relationship between the ethnocentric tendencies of consumers and their attitude towards foreign products.

This paper examines the socio-economic crises reflected in Mohsin Hamid’s Moth Smoke, arguing that the protagonist Daru’s personal descent mirrors Pakistan’s broader structural decline. Drawing on textual evidence, the study highlights how unemployment, educational inflation, corruption, bureaucracy, inflation, gendered economic dependency, and infrastructural collapse shape individual lives in early twenty-first-century Pakistan. Daru’s struggles with joblessness, class disparity, and systemic injustice represent the disillusionment of educated youth trapped within a dysfunctional socioeconomic order. Through characters like Daru and Aurangzeb (Ozi), Hamid exposes the deep entanglement of privilege, power, and corruption, revealing how socio-economic inequalities perpetuate cycles of despair while empowering a select elite. Secondary studies on electricity shortages and economic instability further contextualize the lived hardships depicted in the novel. Ultimately, the paper argues that Moth Smoke functions not only as a narrative of individual moral decline but also as a sharp socio-economic critique of a nation grappling with unemployment, inflation, resource scarcity, and systemic inequity.

Plant-based diets (PBDs)—ranging from patterns that are previously plant-based with  limited animal foods to strictly vegan diets with no animal food—have attracted substantial scientific attention for their contribution in preventing non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including cardiovascular disease (CVD), Type 2 diabetes (T2D), obesity, hypertension, and certain cancers. Recent researches focus on the effectiveness of vegan foods by synthesizing evidence in associated with health outcomes, underlying biological mechanisms, potential nutritional concerns, and broader public health implications.

Overall, adherence to high-quality plant-based dietary patterns such as whole grains, fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, and minimal consumption of ultra-processed foods is consistently associated with reduced incidence of T2D, lower cardio metabolic risk, decreased CVD mortality, healthier and ideal body weight, better lipid profiles, and reduced risk of several types of cancers. Conversely, low-quality plant-based diets dominated by refined grains, ultra-processed plant products, and added sugars show adverse effects on health.

The primary mechanistic pathways underlying these associations include favorable changes in blood profile, lower blood pressure, enhanced insulin sensitivity, weight management, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, and beneficial modification in gut micro biota composition. Despite these strong findings in support of PBDs, there is a notable research gap, particularly regarding definition of PBDs, risks of specific micronutrient deficiency, and the limited availability of long-term randomized clinical trials. This review paper mainly emphasizes promoting plant-based dietary patterns while ensuring careful monitoring of nutrient adequacy.

This paper examines the participation of Persons with Disabilities (PwDs) and the role of ICT-based Assistive Technologies (AT) in job performance and inclusion across Maharashtra’s Banking, Finance, Insurance, and IT sectors. Based on a survey of 410 respondents—comprising PwDs, HR/inclusion professionals, supervisors/team leads, and technology managers—the research employs a dual-pathway conceptual model to analyze organizational enablers and barriers to AT adoption. Data analysis reveals sectoral and stakeholder differences in perceptions of AT effectiveness and inclusion. While customization, technical support, and inclusive procurement drive positive outcomes, economic and logistical constraints persist, particularly in non-IT sectors. Recommendations for policy, practice, and technology management are provided.

Antonio Tabucchi’s Notturno Indiano (1984) has an ambiguous position between novel and travelogue, having elements of fiction, autobiography, and travel writing. This article approaches Notturno Indiano primarily as a travelogue, arguing that the narrator’s physical journey through India functions simultaneously as an inward journey of self-discovery. Drawing on theories of travel writing as a hybrid genre, particularly articulated by theoreticians such as Carl Thompson, Mary Louise Pratt, and Loredana Polezzi, the study explores how Tabucchi’s narrative traces movement across geographical, cultural, and psychological boundaries.

The narrator’s quest for his lost friend Xavier structures the narrative and motivates the journey. Yet as the story progresses, Xavier increasingly emerges as a fragmented and elusive figure whose characteristics—nationality, age, physical appearance, and personal history—mirror those of the narrator himself. Through encounters, dreams, and episodes of dislocation, the text gradually blurs the boundary between seeker and sought.

Finally, the article underscores how Notturno Indiano exemplifies the oscillation between semi-ethnographic observation and autobiographical introspection, a hallmark of much contemporary travel writing.