This study examines the impact of e-Governance initiatives in Karnataka, focusing on the Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) program, which aims to enhance transparency and efficiency in welfare delivery. Through DBT, the Karnataka government directly transfers subsidies, pensions, scholarships, and other benefits to beneficiaries’ bank accounts, significantly reducing intermediaries and leakages. The study evaluates the DBT program’s effectiveness in various sectors, including agriculture, social welfare, health, and education, analyzing its operational structure, reach, and challenges. While DBT has contributed to improved fund distribution and increased beneficiary satisfaction, obstacles such as limited digital literacy and infrastructure gaps persist, particularly in rural areas. This research provides a critical overview of Karnataka's DBT program, assessing both its successes and areas for improvement. Findings suggest that with continued infrastructure investment and targeted support, DBT can serve as a powerful model for transparent and accountable governance across the state and beyond.

The evolution of education in pre-independent India reflects a dynamic interplay of indigenous knowledge systems, colonial interventions, religious influences, and socio-economic conditions. This paper explores the historical trajectory of educational development from ancient and medieval systems to colonial-era reforms and their lasting impact. It discusses the indigenous Gurukul and Madarsa systems, the introduction of Western education by the British, and the responses by Indian reformers and thinkers. Drawing from a review of literature and select case studies, the paper examines the contradictions in educational policies and highlights the role of education in shaping the nationalist consciousness. The article concludes by summarizing the key findings and offering suggestions for understanding the legacy of pre-independence education in modern India.

Digital India has revolutionized governance in India, initiated in 2015, by leveraging technology to enhance transparency, efficiency, and citizen participation in governance. A key driver of this transformation is the Application Programming Interface (API) enabled digital infrastructure, exemplified by the India Stack, which uses Aadhaar based identity. Unified Payments Interface (UPI) management into a seamless, interoperable framework. This paper analyzes how API-driven governance under Digital India has strengthened administration into good governance by improving service delivery, reducing corruption, and fostering financial and social inclusion. 

APIs strongly facilitate real-time, presence-less, paperless, and cashless governance, enabling services like Direct Benefit Transfers (DBT), which have minimized leakages in welfare schemes by directly crediting subsidies to beneficiaries’ bank accounts. The UPI has transformed digital transactions, making India a global leader through technological innovation. The government’s efforts to expand BharatNet programme and promote AI-driven multilingual support aim to bridge these gaps.  India’s API-driven governance model sets a global benchmark for digital transformation, demonstrating how technology can enhance accountability, efficiency, and inclusivity in ensuring last-mile connectivity to fully realize the vision of a digitally empowered democracy.

The COVID?19 pandemic catalyzed an unprecedented adoption of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in higher education, radically altering pedagogical approaches, access modalities, and institutional operations. This study examines the complex and multilayered ways in which ICT integration reshaped higher education post?pandemic. Drawing on global surveys and case studies—from equity-driven shifts in developing countries, digital transformation frameworks at HEIs, to evolving assessment and teaching strategies—this article assesses both the opportunities and the challenges facing universities today. Key findings highlight increased digital literacy, blended learning adoption, and educational equity gains juxtaposed with persistent infrastructure gaps, digital divides, and governance challenges. Recommendations include investing in infrastructure and training, embedding digital pedagogy into institutional governance, advancing equitable access, and strengthening ICT competencies among faculty and staff. Ultimately, the article articulates a vision for a resilient, inclusive, and technology-integrated future for higher education.

Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) have emerged as a crucial mechanism for addressing India's complex educational challenges, combining government oversight with private sector innovation and efficiency. This study examines the opportunities and challenges presented by PPPs in the Indian education sector. This study explored key PPP models, including infrastructure development, management services, educational services, and technology partnerships. PPPs offer significant opportunities for expanding educational access, enhancing quality, and improving operational efficiency. Successful initiatives, such as the Satya Bharti School Program and Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya, demonstrate the potential of well-designed PPPs. However, PPPs face substantial challenges in terms of equity, regulations, and sustainability. Equity concerns arise from the potential exacerbation of educational inequalities, whereas regulatory bottlenecks and policy instability hinder effective partnerships. Financial sustainability and quality assurance are additional challenges. This study analyzes the policy framework and regulatory environment surrounding PPPs, including the National Education Policy 2020 and the Right to Education Act. International best practices and lessons from developing countries were examined to identify the key success factors for educational PPPs. The paper concludes by offering recommendations for future directions and emphasizing technology-enabled partnerships, outcome-based contracting, inclusive and equitable models, regulatory reforms, and capacity building. The success of PPPs in Indian education depends on robust regulatory frameworks, equitable designs, and a sustained commitment to public educational goals. Balancing private sector efficiency with public sector commitment to universal access and social justice is crucial for PPPs to fulfill their transformative potential in achieving quality education for all in India.

This article examines the integration of digital education platforms in India represents a pivotal step toward economic inclusion and equitable growth, aligned with the transformative goals of the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020. This policy emphasizes technology-driven learning, multilingual content, and digital literacy to bridge socio-economic and geographic disparities. Initiatives such as PM e-VIDYA, DIKSHA, SWAYAM, and virtual labs have expanded access to quality education across rural and marginalized communities, fostering inclusion through innovative, multimodal delivery methods. India’s vast demographic dividend and burgeoning digital economy underscore the urgent need to bridge educational divides for sustainable development. Digital education empowers first-generation learners, women, and differently-abled individuals by providing affordable skills training, competitive exam preparation, and vocational courses tailored to the digital age. Government-private partnerships and community-driven programs further enhance outreach and impact. However, challenges including infrastructural gaps, language barriers, digital literacy deficits, and content misalignment persist, hindering universal inclusion. To overcome these, recommendations focus on improving last-mile connectivity, device accessibility, localized content development, and regulatory frameworks to ensure quality and data security. Ultimately, digital education is not merely a learning tool but a catalyst for socio-economic transformation, enabling intergenerational mobility and inclusive participation in India’s digital economy, essential for realizing the vision of a self-reliant and equitable nation.

The fast introduction of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into educational practice has brought a lot of controversy to the fields of postcolonial pedagogy, where the issues of power, accessibility, and cultural identity are still persists. This paper analyses the possibilities and difficulties of the use of AI in the postcolonial classroom and specifically in language learning, curriculum development and dissemination of knowledge. The aim of the work is to critically examine how AI can be used as an emancipatory tool that increases inclusivity and a potential digital colonialism agent that recreates structural inequalities. The methodological approach to the paper is to carry out a qualitative and interpretive review of recent academic literature, policy documents, and case studies of AI implementation in multilingual and postcolonial education. The evidence points to the fact that AI offers significant prospects in promoting multilingual pedagogy, maintaining local languages, and allowing individual learning paths that empower minority groups in the society. Nonetheless, the research also shows serious issues, such as the bias in algorithms, inequitable access to digital infrastructures, and the chance of upholding neo-colonial relationships by favoring Western-centric technological structures. The concluding part of the paper shows the necessity of a critical, culturally-sensitive approach to integrating AI, one that is informed by the postcolonial theory and mindful of local educational realities. It proposes coordinated approaches between educators, technologists, and policy makers to make AI a democratizing power and not a restatement of historical power structures.

This research explores the transformative power of open and digital education platforms in promoting economic inclusion. By delving into relevant theoretical frameworks, reviewing academic literature, and examining diverse case studies from across the globe, the study highlights how technology-enabled education can bridge social and economic gaps. Digital learning, particularly through platforms such as MOOCs, OERs, and mobile applications, empowers marginalized communities by providing flexible, affordable, and accessible educational opportunities. Despite the promise, significant barriers remain, including technological infrastructure gaps, language and cultural mismatches, and quality assurance challenges. This paper analyzes these issues and presents strategic solutions including public–private partnerships, credentialing systems, localized content, and digital literacy programs. The research concludes with a call to action for multi-stakeholder collaboration to make inclusive digital education a reality, thereby contributing to equitable economic growth worldwide.

Hindu law is one of the oldest systems of personal law. It has traditionally governed the family, social, and property relations of Hindus in India. It originally came from sacred texts like the Shrutis, Smritis, and Dharmashastras. This law focused more on religious duty, or dharma, rather than individual rights. Over the centuries, the system changed through the work of jurists, selective codification during British colonial rule, and the comprehensive legal reforms of independent India. This article examines how Hindu law has shaped and responded to changes in social structures and relationships.

This paper explores how the informal strategic alignment among India, China, and Russia particularly through economic, geopolitical, and institutional avenues such as BRICS and the SCO influences India's trajectory toward realizing a $5 trillion economy. It evaluates key benefits like energy security, trade diversification, and geopolitical leverage, while critically assessing structural domestic challenges and emerging global headwinds. Incorporating current developments such as U.S. tariffs and strategic energy partnerships, the study concludes with policy recommendations to optimize this alignment for inclusive, sustainable, and resilient growth.

Rural development in India is integral to achieving equitable growth and national progress. Karnataka, a state with a predominantly rural population, has implemented various rural upliftment strategies through infrastructure development, agricultural support, skill-building, and inclusive governance. Despite these efforts, several socio-economic challenges persist in many rural districts. This paper explores the significance of rural development in Karnataka, reviews existing literature, analyzes five detailed case studies, and discusses both the achievements and limitations of current rural development programs. It identifies key challenges such as poor infrastructure, inadequate housing, inefficient project implementation, and limited technological access. The paper then offers practical solutions emphasizing community participation, technological innovation, institutional strengthening, and sustainable farming practices. Through this comprehensive exploration, the research underlines the transformative potential of an integrated and participatory approach to rural upliftment in Karnataka, offering valuable insights for policymakers, development practitioners, and academic researchers.

The temple architecture of Karnataka stands as a profound testimony to the region’s civilizational journey—from the early rock-cut caves of Badami to the intricately carved temples of Belur. Spanning several dynasties including the Chalukyas, Rashtrakutas, Hoysalas, and Vijayanagara rulers, Karnataka’s temples reflect a unique confluence of spiritual expression, artistic achievement, and socio-political identity. This article explores the evolution of temple architecture in Karnataka as a continuous narrative of cultural sophistication and religious pluralism. Drawing on archaeological evidence, art historical analysis, and epigraphic records, the study examines how different dynasties contributed to structural innovations, iconographic developments, and aesthetic paradigms that shaped the architectural legacy of the region. Special focus is given to key temple sites such as Badami, Pattadakal, Aihole, Halebidu, and Belur, tracing the transformation of temple design from rock-cut simplicity to ornate stone sculptures. The article concludes by assessing the civilizational significance of these temples in shaping Karnataka's historical identity and their relevance in contemporary heritage discourse.

National integration in a pluralistic society like India demands not only the political and economic measures but also the cultural practices which can ensure the sense of unity, cohesion and common identity. Among them, yoga and indigenous games are of particular interest as traditional practices with great integrative potential. The intent of this review is to critically discuss current views on yoga and indigenous games as means for national integration from social, cultural and educational perspectives. Following a narrative review methodology, the study combined literature from databases such as Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, policy reports and books. Sources published between 2000 and 2023 were examined using thematic analysis (Braun & Clarke, 2006) informed by theories of social cohesion, cultural nationalism and identity formation. Four thematic categories have been recognized: yoga as a cultural and integrative practice; indigenous games as social mechanisms; educational and policy interventions and the contemporary challenges. The findings indicate that yoga encourages inclusivity and group wellbeing through the transcendence of religious and regional divisions, while indigenous games encourage groupwork, collective relationships and cultural continuity. Efforts are being made towards inclusion in education through the provisions of Khelo India, but the process remains troubled with modernization, poor participation and lack of institutional backing. Overall, this review concludes that the re-introduction of yoga and indigenous games in modern educational and policy settings can contribute to unity in diversity. It puts forward the need for longitudinal and interdisciplinary research to assess their contribution to national integration in the long run.

Learning beyond classrooms has emerged as a key dimension to education in India, supplementing formal instructional, technology-enabled approach. It represents a shift from rote-based, exam-centric education towards holistic and experiential modes of knowledge acquisition. This paper attempts to critically evaluate the strengths and challenges of such learning in Indian setting. It looks at how extra-curricular activities, digital platforms, vocational training, and community engagement help foster holistic development, creating employability skills, and prominently civic responsibility, in alignment with the vision of the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020. In the same breath, it also delves into persistent challenges that limit its equitable reach and effectiveness such as digital divide, exam-centric approach, insufficient to poor infrastructure, and socio-cultural barriers. The analysis projects that while learning beyond classrooms holds transformative potential for democratizing and decentralising knowledge and preparing youth for 21st-century challenges, system-induced reforms and broad-based inclusive strategies are essential to ensure its sustainability and impact. The effectiveness of Learning beyond classrooms depends largely on addressing structural inequalities and integrating these practices within the broader educational framework.

Governance reforms require not only institutional change but also active citizen participation and awareness. In recent years, social media has emerged as a transformative tool in bridging the gap between governments and citizens by fostering transparency, accountability, and civic engagement. This paper examines the role of social media awareness campaigns as catalysts for governance reforms, highlighting their potential to influence public opinion, mobilize communities, and promote policy implementation. The study adopts a mixed-method approach, drawing on case studies of government-led and civil society–driven campaigns, supported by content analysis and secondary data. Findings suggest that social media campaigns significantly enhance awareness levels and encourage citizen participation in governance processes, especially among younger demographics. However, challenges such as misinformation, uneven digital access, and low long-term engagement often limit their effectiveness. The paper concludes that while social media cannot replace traditional governance mechanisms, it serves as a powerful complement, capable of strengthening reforms when supported by digital literacy, inclusive strategies, and ethical communication.

Science fiction, often dismissed as a genre of pure imagination, has always been a fertile ground for social commentary. At its core, it reflects cultural anxieties and possibilities of human progress. Yet, for much of its history, women in science fiction were confined to reductive roles—passive companions, victims, or hypersexualized figures. With the rise of feminist thought in the latter half of the 20th century, literature and media underwent a paradigm shift, where women’s voices and experiences redefined speculative narratives. This paper, titled “Beyond Stereotypes: Women’s Voices of Change in Science Fiction Literature”, examines how select works of fiction and screen narratives disrupt patriarchal frameworks and envision new possibilities for gender equality. Focusing on Ursula K. Le Guin’s The Left Hand of Darkness, Octavia Butler’s Parable of the Sower, and Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale, alongside visual texts like Star Trek, The Matrix, and Black Mirror, the study highlights how women are reimagined as leaders, creators, and agents of change. These works, situated within the sub-theme “Literature and Gender: Voices of Change,” not only critique systemic gender inequality but also offer futuristic models of inclusivity and resilience. Science fiction thus emerges as a radical space where women’s voices challenge boundaries and shape cultural transformation.

Chess is often regarded not only as a strategic game but also as a mental exercise that sharpens cognitive faculties and strengthens emotional resilience. This study investigates the differences in selected psychological and mental health variables between chess players and non-chess players. Key variables examined include stress levels, concentration, anxiety, self-esteem, and cognitive flexibility. Using a comparative design, data were collected from 60 participants (30 chess players and 30 non-chess players) through standardized psychological scales. The findings reveal that chess players exhibited significantly better mental health outcomes, including lower anxiety and stress levels, higher self-esteem, and improved cognitive function. The study emphasizes the potential of chess as a non-pharmacological intervention for enhancing mental well-being, particularly among students and young adults.

Gender-sensitive education plays a crucial role in shaping equitable societies by challenging stereotypes, fostering inclusivity, and empowering marginalized groups. This article explores the relationship between gender-sensitive educational practices and inclusive governance, emphasizing how education contributes to participation, representation, and decision-making processes. Drawing on theoretical perspectives and previous studies, the paper argues that integrating gender-sensitive approaches into curricula, pedagogy, and policy not only promotes equality in classrooms but also translates into fairer governance structures. The research highlights both achievements and barriers, including cultural norms, policy limitations, and resource gaps. Findings suggest that when education addresses gender disparities, it equips learners with the skills and confidence to engage in governance, thereby enhancing accountability and inclusiveness. The study concludes that strengthening gender-sensitive education is a vital step toward building democratic, participatory, and socially just governance systems.

Mahatma Gandhi envisioned Gram Swaraj as the foundation of true democracy, where villages function as self-reliant units of social, economic, and political life. Central to this vision was the system of Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs), which Gandhi considered not merely administrative bodies but instruments of people’s participation and empowerment. He emphasized that grassroots governance must integrate education as a tool for social transformation, focusing on literacy, moral development, vocational skills, and the inculcation of values like truth, non-violence, and self-reliance. Panchayats, in Gandhian thought, were to play a pivotal role in ensuring Nai Talim (basic education)—an education system linking learning with productive work and community needs. By decentralizing authority and entrusting local bodies with educational responsibilities, Gandhi sought to democratize knowledge and make it accessible to rural masses, thereby bridging inequalities. In the contemporary context, PRIs continue to carry forward this legacy by implementing primary education programs, encouraging community participation in schools, and fostering inclusive development at the village level. Thus, Gandhian ideas on Panchayati Raj Institutions underline their role not only in political decentralization but also in advancing grassroots educational development as a pathway to social justice and sustainable nation-building.

Ethics and public administration play a vital role in shaping the moral compass and professional integrity of teachers in higher education. Teacher training programs must not only impart knowledge but also instill values of accountability, transparency, and responsibility towards society. This paper explores the integration of ethical frameworks and public administration principles into teacher education curricula, with an emphasis on preparing educators for Viksit Bharat 2047. The study adopts a mixed-method research approach, combining surveys of teacher trainees with content analysis of existing curricula. Findings reveal that while ethics is often taught as a theoretical subject, its application in classroom pedagogy and public service responsibilities remains limited. Suggestions include embedding case studies, experiential learning, and reflective practices to create ethically responsible educators who contribute positively to governance and nation-building.

Democratic and constitutional literacy in education is vital for civil society as it empowers citizens with knowledge of their constitution and democratic principles, enabling active participation in governance, protection of rights and holding power accountable. Education transforms abstract constitutional ideals into practical understanding by integrating concepts like justice, equality and accountability into curricula. This fosters a sense of responsibility and agency among young citizens, cultivating qualities necessary for robust democratic engagement and more just, inclusive society. Democratic and constitutional literacy in education is vital for civil society, as it empowers citizens with the knowledge of their rights, responsibilities and the principles of democracy to engage actively, hold their government accountable and contribute to collective well- being. Education serves as a key mechanism to transmit constitutional values, fostering informed decision- making and strengthening the foundation of a democratic society by cultivating civic skill, attitude and values among the populace, especially the youth.

    This abstract examines the dynamic relationship between education and the informal economy, highlighting the critical role of learning that occurs beyond the confines of traditional classrooms. It challenges the exclusive emphasis on formal education credentials by arguing that informal and non-formal learning—acquired through apprenticeships, family knowledge, peer interactions, and on-the-job experiences—is a primary driver of skill development and economic activity for millions of informal workers.

The abstract addresses the barriers informal workers face in accessing formal training, such as the direct and opportunity costs of long courses, and instead focuses on how skills are organically developed within informal settings. It explores the practical knowledge of informal workers, their high motivation for learning, and how this process fosters problem-solving and adaptability. 

A central theme is the importance of recognizing and validating the skills acquired through informal learning. The abstract argues that this recognition is key to improving equity, increasing access to credit and formal job opportunities, and making the human capital of informal workers more visible and valuable. Finally, it outlines the policy implications of this shift in perspective

Education has consistently been identified as a pillar of socio-economic development in India, but fiscal commitment to the sector shows an ongoing disconnect between policy rhetoric and investment in the sector. In this review, the author critically explores budgetary allocations and fiscal priorities in India's education sector, and draws on government reports, policy frameworks, and literature to understand the changing dynamics of the past two decades. Grounded in Human Capital Theory, Public Goods Theory, Equity and Social Justice perspectives and Resource Dependency frameworks, the study highlights the ways in which underfunding, sectoral imbalances and inter-state differences derail progress towards inclusive and quality education. Data shows that public investment in education has remained at a level between 2.8% and 4.1% of GDP, constantly below the 6% benchmark which has been considered for many years as the benchmark for developed economies. While great strides have been made in elementary education through initiatives like Right to Education Act and Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan, the resource shortages at the secondary and higher education levels continue to create bottlenecks in the education pipeline. Further, inequities in state-level allocations play a role in worsening inequities in access and outcomes, especially among underserved communities. The review concludes that delivering on the aspirations of the National Education Policy (2020) and Sustainable Development Goal 4 will need both increased financial commitment and more equitable and efficient use of resources. By bringing policy priorities and fiscal priorities in sync, India can enhance the role of education as a catalyst for human capital, social mobility, and inclusive growth.

Food security is a critical concern for India, a country with a vast population and significant socio-economic disparities. Ensuring that every citizen has access to enough safe, nourishing food to meet their dietary demands for an active and healthy life is the idea behind food security. Although India's food production has advanced significantly since the Green Revolution, there are still obstacles in the way of attaining universal food security. Population expansion, limitations on agricultural output, poverty, climate change, and nutritional deficits are the main issues. Food consumption is constantly impacted by population growth, and agricultural output is hampered by fragmented landholdings and restricted access to contemporary technology. Crop yields and food supply are at risk due to climate change, which shows up as unpredictable rainfall and temperature swings.

Initiatives like the Public Distribution System (PDS) and the National Food Security Act (NFSA) serve as the cornerstones of India's food security policy. While the PDS is crucial in distributing necessary food items, the NFSA seeks to give subsidized food grains to the bulk of the people. Nevertheless, corruption, leakage, and implementation inefficiencies still compromise the efficacy of these policies. Technological developments, regulatory changes, and sustainable farming methods are some of the ways that India's food security can be improved. Crop variety, organic farming, and water-efficient irrigation techniques can all increase output while preserving resources. Enhancing farmer assistance mechanisms, guaranteeing transparency in the PDS, and fortifying supply chain infrastructure must be the main goals of policy reforms.

The gap in nutritional security can be further closed by promoting community involvement, fortifying basic foods, and providing focused nutritional education. In conclusion, even though India has a lot of obstacles to overcome in order to guarantee food security, prospects for a more robust and just food system can be created by combining efficient policy changes, advancements in technology, and sustainable practices. To ensure long-term food security for all citizens, a comprehensive, multi-stakeholder strategy encompassing the public and corporate sectors as well as local communities is necessary.

Recognizing learning acquired beyond the classroom is vital for empowering workers in the informal economy, providing pathways to social mobility and inclusive growth. Policies for the Recognition, Validation, and Accreditation (RVA) of non-formal and informal learning translate practical skills into formal credentials, bridging the gap between experience and opportunity. 

This abstract examines the dynamic relationship between education and the informal economy, highlighting the critical role of learning that occurs beyond the confines of traditional classrooms. It challenges the exclusive emphasis on formal education credentials by arguing that informal and non-formal learning—acquired through apprenticeships, family knowledge, peer interactions, and on-the-job experiences—is a primary driver of skill development and economic activity for millions of informal workers. 

Education and economy are the twin engines of India’s nation-building. While education enhances human capital, fosters social cohesion, and capacitates citizens with civic values, the economy provides the foundational material base which in turn provide opportunities for development. This paper looks into the inter-linkages between education, economy, and nation-building in the Indian context. It traces historical perspectives, evaluates present policies such as the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 and Skill India Mission, and digs into their role in shaping India’s march toward inclusive growth and global competitiveness. The study identifies structural challenges such as regional disparities, skill mismatches, and under-funded research and at the same time proposes complimentary and congruent strategies for strengthening the bonds of education, economy, and nation-building.

Developing some sort of identity is an obligatory outcome because every civilization is, in one way or another, a product of a location, way of life, gender, race, polity, or any other social construct. Here, the idea of society is broadened to include all social phenomena and is identified by collective characteristics. Thus, India's tremendous splits and partitions have contributed to the rise in identity politics. Pluralism and Multiculturalism have evolved into identity politics, with definite groups being defined by their race or ethnicity, leading to a desire for political dominance. The process of developing social identities based on a variety of factors, such as religion and race, is known as identity development. Identity can cause differences between diverse groups in a number of ways. For example, caste, language, and even religion are not minor elements in Indian politics today; rather, they are major determinants of regional politics. In addition, in Indian states where liberal politics predominate, this kind of issue-focused attention leads to a significant imbalance in the development processes. The laws of several multi-national states, where cultural preservation is prioritized, codify the national, ethnic, or religious rights of these minority of the "others" is especially incidental. Social, political, and economic repercussions result from these considerations of nations and cultural diversity.

Electoral reforms in India have been a critical component of the nation’s democratic consolidation, ensuring free, fair, and transparent elections. Among the most pressing issues in electoral governance is the accuracy and integrity of the voter roll, which forms the foundation of representative democracy. The presence of duplicate, bogus, or ineligible entries compromises electoral credibility and raises concerns about political legitimacy. Voter roll purification, therefore, has emerged as a cornerstone of recent electoral reforms, supported by technological interventions such as digitization, the use of biometric identification, and linkage with Aadhaar data. This paper analyzes the framework, processes, and challenges involved in voter roll purification within the broader landscape of electoral reform in India. It highlights the role of the Election Commission of India, statutory amendments, and judicial pronouncements in shaping this evolving process. Further, it examines the balance between inclusion and exclusion errors, safeguarding voter rights, and maintaining electoral integrity. The study situates India’s experience in a comparative democratic perspective, assessing both achievements and persistent gaps. Ultimately, the analysis underscores that robust voter roll purification is not merely a technical exercise, but an essential democratic reform to strengthen citizen trust and reinforce the foundations of India’s electoral democracy.

This study delves into the current landscape of marketing and distribution channels for organic horticultural products in Chikkaballapura district, Karnataka. With increasing global demand and consumer awareness for organic produce, small-scale farmers in Chikkaballapura are seeking effective ways to access markets and sustain livelihoods. This research analyzes market structures, distribution mechanisms, stakeholder roles, challenges, and opportunities. Through field surveys, stakeholder interviews, and secondary data, the study evaluates the efficiency of current channels and proposes strategies for improvement. Findings highlight potential for cooperative models, digital platforms, and public-private partnerships as catalysts for strengthening the organic horticultural supply chain in the region.

In Indian industries ranging from manufacturing to services, the introduction of AI-powered robotics is redefining operational efficiencies and automation paradigms. In recent years, the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and robotics has marked a transformative shift within the Indian industrial landscape. As the country seeks to solidify its position as a global manufacturing hub, the adoption of advanced technologies offers unparalleled opportunities for enhancing efficiency, productivity, and innovation. The topic explores the multifaceted role of AI and robotics in various sectors, including manufacturing, agriculture, healthcare, and logistics. By employing AI-driven analytics, Indian industries can optimize operations, predict market trends, and enhance decision-making processes. Robotics plays a pivotal role in automating repetitive tasks, thereby reducing human error and operational costs while augmenting workforce capabilities. The convergence of AI and robotics not only drives scalability and flexibility of operations but also aligns with India's initiatives towards establishing smart factories and advancing the 'Make in India' campaign. Despite notable advancements, challenges such as skill gaps, infrastructural constraints, and ethical considerations remain pivotal in harnessing the full potential of these technologies. Ultimately, this study elucidates the strategic imperative for Indian industries to embrace AI and robotics, providing insights into their transformative impact on industrial processes and economic growth, thereby positioning the nation for sustainable development in an increasingly competitive global market.

The global shift toward renewable energy has accelerated the deployment of solar photovoltaic (PV) parks across diverse landscapes. While these installations are pivotal in reducing carbon emissions and dependence on fossil fuels, their rapid expansion has raised ecological concerns, especially in relation to land degradation, hydrological alteration, and biodiversity loss. This research paper examines the environmental consequences of solar park development, with a particular focus on soil quality, water availability, and biodiversity. By reviewing recent literature, analyzing case studies from various global contexts, and assessing the environmental impacts, the study identifies both challenges and opportunities associated with solar park infrastructure. The paper also proposes mitigation strategies aimed at promoting ecological sustainability and land stewardship while advancing renewable energy goals. The findings indicate that, although solar parks can have adverse effects on the environment if poorly managed, proper planning, ecological design, and regulatory oversight can transform them into environmentally harmonious energy solutions. Ultimately, the integration of ecological science into solar infrastructure planning is essential for achieving sustainable development objectives.

This study examines the impact of Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) in facilitating credit access for rural women entrepreneurs across Karnataka. These financial institutions, designed to serve the rural poor, have increasingly become central to women's economic participation in traditionally male-dominated rural sectors. This paper evaluates the influence of RRB credit on enterprise establishment, income generation, asset acquisition, and the broader empowerment of rural women. Through five case studies drawn from different regions within Karnataka, the research captures both success stories and systemic limitations. The study finds that while RRBs play a significant role in enabling rural entrepreneurship, rural women face challenges such as complex loan procedures, inadequate financial literacy, limited collateral, and socio-cultural restrictions. The paper offers suggestions for enhancing RRB effectiveness through targeted reforms and concludes with a call to strengthen institutional support systems to scale women-led rural enterprises.

This paper explores how digital education platforms contribute to economic inclusion by providing marginalized and underserved populations with access to learning opportunities, skill development, and income-generating pathways. The rapid digital transformation worldwide has introduced new modes of education that can overcome geographical, socio-economic, and infrastructural barriers—critical in enhancing equity and inclusion. Through a mixed-method study combining secondary data review and primary surveys among 120 users across diverse low-income communities, this study investigates usage patterns, barriers, and socio-economic impacts of digital education. Findings indicate that platforms such as Coursera, Khan Academy, and regional e-learning portals enable skill acquisition that aligns with evolving job markets and entrepreneurial opportunities. However, challenges such as limited internet access, language barriers, and digital literacy hinder full benefits. The study underscores the importance of contextualizing educational content, focused digital literacy campaigns, and multi-stakeholder collaborations for scaling impact. It also highlights policy frameworks essential for integrating digital education into broader economic inclusion strategies, fostering sustained social mobility for vulnerable groups. The implications suggest that digital education platforms are crucial enablers of economic empowerment, bridging skill gaps and expanding economic participation for marginalized populations globally.

This study investigates how India’s vision of Viksit Bharat (Developed India) by 2047 can be aligned with strategic measures to bolster global competitiveness. Through an analysis of current policies, sectoral transformation, innovation frameworks, and institutional capacity, the paper articulates a roadmap for India’s evolution into a resilient, innovation-driven economy. While challenges like low R&D investment, infrastructure gaps, skill mismatches, fragmented governance, environmental stress, and inequality persist, integrated reforms spanning infrastructure modernization, manufacturing, human capital development, governance, and sustainability can propel India onto the global stage. The paper concludes with recommendations for accelerating sustainable, inclusive, and globally competitive growth.

Primary education in India constitutes a critical foundation for individual development and societal transformation. This stage of education not only enhances literacy rates but also fosters social inclusion, gender equality, and economic empowerment. Despite significant improvements in enrollment and gender parity, persistent challenges such as inadequate infrastructure, teacher shortages, inequitable access, and the recent exacerbation of disparities due to the COVID-19 pandemic continue to hinder the quality and reach of primary education. This study synthesizes secondary data from government reports, academic literature, and statistical surveys to analyze the socio-economic impacts of primary education in India, delineate prevailing challenges, and propose actionable strategies to harness emerging opportunities, including digital education and policy reforms such as the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020.

E-Commerce is a boom in the modern business E-Commerce means electronic Commerce involves buying and selling of goods and services are the transmitting of funds or data over and electronic network predominantly the internet

E-commerce (electronic Commerce) paradigm shift influence both marketers and the customers rather E-Commerce is more than just another way to boost the existing business practices it is leading a complete change in traditional way of doing business this significant change in business model is witnessing a tremendous growth around the globe and India it is not an exception the massive internet  as added to growth as added to growth of e-commerce and more particularly startups have been increasingly using this option as a differentiating business model.

Today’s young people in India occupy a key position where education and national development meet. How they perceive their responsibilities in nation-building, especially through higher education, is particularly important. This study explores college students’ views on their contribution to nation-building and the extent to which educational experiences influence these attitudes.

Indian youth today find themselves at a crucial point where education connects with the country’s development. Their awareness of responsibilities in nation-building, particularly through higher education, is vital. While opinions on nation-building differed across academic streams and years, most students felt that education significantly contributes to the country’s progress. The study emphasizes the role of higher education in fostering responsible, civic-minded individuals and recommends that colleges create more opportunities for active participation and incorporate nation-building themes into their programs.

India's goal of net-zero emissions in 2070 and renewable energy of 500 GW in 2030, demands a workforce skilled in clean energy technologies. However conventional chemistry courses have distanced themselves from practical applications such as energy storage and green synthesis. This paper argues for a competency based education (CBE) policy framework of the chemistry curriculum to bridge this divide to align with Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy) and India's Viksit Bharat vision. Document analysis will enable the framework to include green chemistry, contextualized learning and links to industry based on the requirements of the energy sector to develop a framework of innovation, inclusion and integrity (Bowen, 2009). It will focus on restructuring the curriculum, training for teachers, inclusive infrastructure and competency based examinations to ensure students are India-ready to enter the renewable sector. Aligning the education of the country with the targets of the energy sector also aligns with Viksit Bharat's sustainable future to improve scientific literacy and promote civic consciousness. The framework will make future piloting and research on scale and reach appropriate.

Education in the fields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) is essential for social mobility, innovation, and national growth. However, structural obstacles prevent kids in rural areas from having access to high-quality STEM activities and instruction. The main issues are identified and examined in this study, including the digital divide, socioeconomic limitations, teacher shortages, and infrastructure deficiencies. Additionally, it looks at possible ways to get past these obstacles, using case studies from around the world to illustrate successful tactics like curriculum contextualisation, digital and Ed Tech solutions, community-driven initiatives, and public-private collaborations. According to the report, closing the educational gap between rural and urban areas requires a multi-stakeholder strategy. By taking advantage of these chances, rural kids can be encouraged to study STEM subjects and use their education to address regional and worldwide problems, which will promote sustainable and inclusive growth.

The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 marks a transformative shift in India’s educational philosophy, policies, and practices. Introduced after more than three decades, it aims to revamp the Indian education system to make it more inclusive, flexible, multidisciplinary, and skill-oriented. The overarching goal is to equip learners with the knowledge, values, and skills necessary to thrive in the 21st-century global landscape. Simultaneously, the Government of India’s vision of Viksit Bharat (Developed India) by  2047 reflects the nation's aspiration to become an advanced, equitable, and knowledge-driven economy. This paper critically examines how NEP 2020 aligns with and supports the realization of this vision. It delves into the policy's vision, key components, implementation strategies, and their alignment with national development goals. The article also discusses the challenges in policy execution, recommends actionable solutions, and reflects on the broader implications of an education-led national transformation. The success of NEP 2020 will play a decisive role in shaping India's journey toward a developed nation status by its centenary of independence.

This paper develops a compact systems model to understand how reallocating public-education budgets propagates to student achievement and participation in Karnataka, India. We represent the system as a signed, weighted, directed network whose state x(t)∈[-1,1]N evolves by x(t+1)=(1-α)x(t)+αtanh?W?x(t)+Bu+s. Lever intensities u=g(b) are derived from budget shares b via saturating responses, and equilibrium sensitivities are obtained from the linearized operator S=ΠOI-W?-1B. Using administrative sources (UDISE+), assessment evidence (NAS-2021), and Karnataka budget documents, we elicit and normalize W, verify contraction, and compute influence centralities Ip=S⋅p1. Three findings emerge. First, Scholarships, Mid-Day Meal, and PTR relief dominate the ranking, and a 100-draw ±20% edge-perturbation test leaves this top-3 unchanged, indicating robust leverage. Second, scenario analysis shows (i) protecting Mid-Day Meal during a negative supply shock substantially attenuates losses in attendance and achievement; (ii) scholarship expansion improves attendance by ≈0.022 normalized units and reduces dropout by ≈0.038 units; and (iii) devicesonly or connectivity-only moves underperform unless paired with teacher capacity and assessment quality. Third, linearized predictions SΔu closely match full simulations (mean absolute error ∼10-4 per outcome), enabling fast policy screening on the budget simplex. The study offers actionable guardrails: stabilize welfare-participation channels first; avoid financing digital hardware by cutting capacity or assessment; and preserve PTR norms when reprioritizing.

India’s vision of Viksit Bharat 2047 places education, sustainability, and innovation at the core of its development agenda. Electric Vehicles (EVs), though primarily recognized as a solution to decarbonize mobility, hold transformative potential beyond transportation. They can redefine educational access, create new learning ecosystems, and catalyze skill development for the youth. This paper explores how EVs can serve as enablers of sustainable education and innovation within India’s broader socio-economic framework. Using primary survey data collected from 200 respondents in Karnataka—including students, teachers, and EV users—combined with secondary sources such as NITI Aayog reports, International Energy Agency (IEA) data, and World Bank publications, the study highlights the role of EVs in reducing student mobility costs, building green campuses, and fostering technical skill development. Findings indicate that EV adoption in educational ecosystems not only supports climate goals but also promotes inclusion, affordability, and innovation. Policy suggestions include integrating EV fleets in schools and colleges, incentivizing EV charging hubs in rural institutions, and embedding EV-related skill development into the National Education Policy (NEP 2020). The paper concludes that EVs, when coupled with education reforms, can act as catalysts for building a knowledge-driven, sustainable, and empowered Viksit Bharat.

Cultural heritage and historical preservation are critical for maintaining a society’s identity, values, and collective memory. In a country as diverse and ancient as India, where history spans millennia and civilizations have risen and flourished across time, safeguarding cultural artifacts, architectural monuments, intangible traditions, and archaeological sites is both a challenge and a necessity. This research article explores the multifaceted dimensions of cultural heritage—tangible and intangible—and the evolving discourse around their conservation and management. It highlights the importance of heritage in fostering social cohesion, tourism, education, and national pride. The study critically analyzes threats such as urbanization, climate change, commercialization, and neglect, while discussing innovative solutions, community involvement, technological tools, and policy frameworks. It also revisits successful case studies in preservation and presents a roadmap for sustainable cultural heritage management in contemporary India. Through this lens, the paper underscores the urgent need to strike a balance between development and conservation to protect India’s cultural legacy for future generations.

The paper deals with how to develop a new language learning and teaching skills through literature. It speaks about English language teaching in Indian rural class rooms setting and its barriers. The special focus is on teaching English as a second language at various levels. Teaching any other tongue like English for the beginners begins with bilingual mode in the formal indigenous class rooms with different socio-cultural background. The usage of English language is to communicate. What to communicate is a primary question. The need of the speaker in a particular context can decide the content of the commutation.  The purpose of speaker is conveyed through a language. So to communicate, there should be a specific content and that content is communicated either through the language or a sign. There is no communication without content and form. The content generally may be a text. The text may get the forms like prose, poetry, story, drama, biography and a novel. It is because the formal teaching and learning is recommended with particular content which is prescribed. The prescribed content is being taught through a language. While teaching a new concept of the content in regional language is not much difficult. The difficulties arise when we teach English as second language.

The content of the text in different forms is fixed and some common techniques and methods are also suggested to follow while teaching in the English class rooms. The English language teacher is also trained with support materials and recourses. With all these facilities the language teacher fails to develop English communication skills either in the class rooms or outside. The present paper tries to discover why he fails? When he fails? Is it the problem lies with the teacher or the student or the both? There may be teacher induced errors while teaching English as a second language in rural class rooms. There also may be student invited errors. It is a sincere effort to find possible solutions for English learning barriers.

The learning atmosphere must be created by the English language teacher. It depends on his self-interest. It develops naturally when he has mastery in his English communication. He gets when he is good at his content, he can get mastery of it. This content is framed as literature. When he has digested this literature and probe into it, he should also think and plan to deliver his thoughts in a simple structure of English and express it with great interest delightfully. The expression of the teacher is to so attractive and in pleasant to follow him.

Multiculturalism, women's movements, Dalit and Adivasi movements, civil rights, lesbian and gay movements, separatist movements, and violent ethnic and nationalist movements were some of the main ways that identity politics first became a recognized academic field in social science and the humanities in the second half of the 20th century developments around the globe. Perhaps the injustices done to them in terms of their social standing, feebleness, marginalization, and oppression by so-called cultural imperialism are the root cause of their movement's very assertion. Nonetheless, the study attempts to examine how identity politics evolved across several fields, especially in the humanities and social sciences, and how various definitions of the identity creation process are defined. The study also looks at identity politics in India with regard to caste, tribe, language, religion, region, and ethnicity, and it discusses how and to what degree these identity markers threaten the country's integrity and unity.

This Study examines the crucial role of plantation crops in the state's agricultural economy. The study highlights how Karnataka's diverse geography, with its various agro-climatic zones, provides an ideal environment for a wide range of crops, including coffee, tea, areca nut, Coconut and rubber. The research underscores the sector's importance for both rural livelihoods and global trade, noting that Karnataka is the leading coffee producer in India. It also discusses the challenges faced by the sector, such as climatic change, and the socio-economic issues of price volatility and market access.

The study emphasizes the need for modern agricultural practices, technology transfer, and the formation of Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) to enhance farmer income and ensure sustainability. It notes that while plantation crops offer higher profitability, small and marginal farmers often struggle to adopt new technologies due to resource constraints. The study also delves into the role of government bodies and research institutions in providing extension services and promoting the adoption of integrated farming systems to improve both economic returns and environmental resilience. Overall, the research concludes that a focused effort on policy support, technological innovation, and strengthening farmer collectives is essential for the long-term prosperity of Karnataka's plantation sector, helping it to adapt to modern agricultural dynamics and market demands.

This research explores the transformative role of innovation in the banking and cooperative sectors, focusing on technological advancements, digitalization, strategic reforms, and evolving business models. It examines how innovations such as fintech integration, blockchain, AI, and mobile banking enhance financial inclusion, operational efficiency, customer engagement, and risk management. The study also identifies key challenges such as resistance to change, cybersecurity threats, regulatory hurdles, and infrastructural limitations, proposing viable solutions including capacity building, robust security frameworks, and policy support. Through detailed case studies and policy analysis, this paper underscores the significance of continuous innovation in fostering sustainable growth, resilience, and competitiveness of banking and cooperative institutions.

Education plays predominant role in development of any country. Investment in education has higher return than physical investment. The present paper examined the long-run relationship between expenditure on education and GDP of India. The study used secondary time series data with appropriate econometric models like Johansen co-integration and VECM. It has been found from the study that the variables represent education expenditure and economy have shown significant positive trends which is warranted. There have been long-run stable relationships between expenditures on education and GDP. Accordingly, education expenditure is co-integrating with GDP. The panel co-integration further decomposed and found that only capital expenditure is having co-integrating vector, the other expenditures; revenue and total expenditure on education are not having co-integrating vectors. It is found from VEC model that second period capital expenditure corrects the errors in equilibrium with GDP by 30 percent. The first period GDP corrects the short-term disturbances in the long-run relationship with Capital expenditure only by 4 percent. Therefore, it is the capital expenditure on education will restore the relationship with GDP in the long-run. Hence, the study once again argues that the governments have to give more important to education to build the human capital to have strong economy.

India’s vision of Viksit Bharat 2047 seeks to transform the nation into a developed, inclusive, and sustainable society by the centenary of its independence. While economic growth and technological progress are important, the realization of this dream depends equally on the protection of human rights and the establishment of social justice. Human rights education fosters awareness, equality, and dignity, whereas social justice ensures fair distribution of opportunities and resources. This paper analyzes the interconnection between human rights education, social justice, and the mission of Viksit Bharat, while highlighting the challenges and policy directions necessary to achieve inclusive development.

India, as one of the world’s fastest-growing economies, stands at a crucial juncture in its developmental journey. The vision of VIKSITH BHARATH (Developed India) is not merely an aspiration but a necessity to secure sustainable economic growth, social equity, and global competitiveness. This paper explores India’s path towards becoming a developed economy by focusing on GDP growth, structural transformation, human capital formation, technological progress, and sustainable development. Challenges such as unemployment, income inequality, and climate change are also addressed, along with policy recommendations for achieving the vision of a truly developed India by 2047.

Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) have played a transformative role in enabling women’s political participation in Karnataka. Rooted in the 73rd Constitutional Amendment, PRIs promote decentralized governance with one-third of seats reserved for women. While numerical representation has grown, challenges like proxy leadership, patriarchal constraints, and limited capacity persist. Through five illustrative district-level case studies, the paper explores how initiatives in training, community mobilization, and institutional support contribute to meaningful empowerment. It concludes with policy recommendations to enhance capacity building, financial autonomy, and gender-inclusive governance.

Academic Social Networking Sites (ASNSs) have emerged as essential tools for enhancing scholarly communication, visibility, and collaboration in the digital era. Platforms such as ResearchGate, Academia.edu, LinkedIn, Google Scholar, Mendeley, Publons, and Zotero cater to diverse academic needs, ranging from sharing publications and tracking citations to building professional connections and managing references. Despite their potential benefits, adoption and usage of these platforms often vary across disciplines, academic roles, and levels of digital literacy. This study examined prior literature and case studies of each platform to compare the usage patterns, features, advantages, and barriers associated with seven widely recognised ASNS platforms. Findings reveal that ResearchGate was the most widely adopted platform, followed by LinkedIn, Academia.edu, and Mendeley, while Google Scholar, Publons, and Zotero were comparatively less utilised. The results suggest that academics primarily engage with these platforms for purposes such as enhancing visibility of research outputs, fostering collaborations, and accessing scholarly resources. However, several barriers were identified, including time constraints in maintaining active profiles, limited digital literacy (especially among senior faculty and female respondents), and inadequate institutional support or training. Concerns about the commercial exploitation of academic content also posed challenges to wider adoption. The study concludes that while ASNS platforms significantly contribute to strengthening academic visibility, networking, and collaboration, their potential remains underutilised without targeted institutional initiatives. Providing training, promoting awareness, and addressing digital divides are essential to optimize effective engagement with these platforms and to fully harness their benefits for academic growth and knowledge dissemination.

The evolution of social media and digital platforms has radically altered the landscape of political communication and electoral behavior in India. With over 700 million internet users and growing smartphone penetration, platforms like WhatsApp, Facebook, X (formerly Twitter), Instagram, and YouTube have emerged as crucial instruments for political mobilization, campaigning, and voter engagement. This study investigates how digital technologies are influencing democratic participation, particularly among youth, urban populations, and rural first-time voters. It also examines the adverse effects of misinformation, algorithmic bias, deepfakes, and digital inequality. Based on theoretical frameworks, real-world case studies, and electoral data, this research presents a nuanced picture of the opportunities and challenges digital democracy presents in India.

The introduction of decentralized governance through the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1992 marked a watershed moment in India’s rural development policy. Karnataka, having initiated Panchayati Raj reforms even before the national mandate, has been a forerunner in institutionalizing local self-governance. This paper explores how decentralized governance in Karnataka since the 1990s has influenced rural development outcomes. Drawing upon major government programs, district-level implementations, and grassroots participation, the article analyzes the successes, challenges, and future potential of Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs). Case studies and policy evaluations reveal that while decentralization has empowered rural governance structures, challenges of capacity, fiscal autonomy, and administrative rigidity persist. The study concludes with recommendations for making decentralized governance more participatory, accountable, and development-oriented.

We present G, a rewrite-centric formal system that captures the computational practice of Indian arithmetic (Ganita). Numerals are terms with place-value valuation; procedures-digitwise addition with carry, subtraction with borrow, Urdhva-Tiryagbhy?m multiplication, and near-base complements (Nikhilam)-are encoded as terminating, confluent rewrite schemata with guarded side conditions. The semantics is standard arithmetic via valuation; equational logic plus length-induction yields correctness of procedures and coherence between Nikhilam and convolution-based multiplication. We prove soundness for the core calculus, relative completeness for the (+,≤) fragment (Presburger), and Church-Rosser for digitwise rules via well-founded orders and Newman's Lemma. Optional modules cover the cyclic method (kuttaka), signed/rational numbers, base- b generalization, and verified divide-and-conquer multiplication. The framework is mechanization-ready (Lean/Isabelle), provides step-count models matching schoolbook complexity, and clarifies how cultural heuristics lift to rigorous, modular proof theory.

Tourism in Hassan, Karnataka, an area rich in Hoysala heritage, has a wide-ranging impact. It benefits the local economy by producing jobs and earning cash from tourism-related businesses. However, growing tourism can strain resources and potentially harm historical places, jeopardizing their preservation. Hassan is one of South India's heritage jewels. The town, located in Karnataka, has a distinct historical significance. Hassan, which served as the capital of the Hoysala Empire, one of South India's most prosperous dynasties, is home to some of the finest masterpieces from the golden age. Hassan, known around the world for its trove of elaborately carved statues and structures, holds a special place on Karnataka's tourism map due to its blend of history and natural beauty. A sample of 60 tourists is selected form from Belur, Halebid, and Shravanabelagola. The highlights of the study are Hassan is the Hoysala Empire's rich culture and traditions, as well as the stunning intricacies of intricately carved temples. The town is designated as Karnataka's 'temple-architectural capital'. The temples stand as a testament to the grandeur of the past. While many astound visitors with the rich details of finely carved depictions of mythological tales, some have a timeless elegance. Findings of the study are visit to Hassan's old temples has an unforgettable influence on both the mind and the psyche.

Digital learning enables interactive, immersive, and technology-enhanced education. The role of digital India in education is evident as it creates a digitally empowered society through innovative learning methods and digital productivity tools. Digital and open education platforms — including Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs), Open Educational Resources (OER), mobile learning, and blended digital programs — have emerged as powerful instruments for expanding educational access, building relevant skills, and connecting marginalized populations to economic opportunity. This paper argues that when designed and governed with inclusion as an explicit objective, digital and open education systems can reduce barriers to participation, lower costs of learning, and strengthen pathways to work and entrepreneurship. Drawing on international policy analyses, empirical evaluations of online training programs, and UNESCO/OECD/World Bank frameworks, the paper maps the mechanisms by which digital and open platforms support economic inclusion, reviews evidence of impact and limitations, identifies structural and pedagogical barriers, and concludes with policy recommendations to maximize equitable outcomes. The argument emphasizes that technology is an enabler — not a substitute — for public policy, and that meaningful inclusion requires coordinated investments in connectivity, content, credential recognition, teacher capacity, and governance that protects learner rights.

Horticulture has undergone a profound transformation through technological advancements, shifting from traditional, labor-intensive practices to highly mechanized, data-driven, and sustainability-focused systems. This paper examines the sociological implications of these changes, highlighting how innovations in mechanization, biotechnology, irrigation, digitalization, and automation are reshaping labor structures, community relations, gender dynamics, and rural livelihoods. While technology enhances productivity and environmental sustainability, it also introduces new challenges, including unequal access, skill gaps, and socioeconomic disparities. The analysis underscores the necessity of inclusive policies, capacity-building, and equitable access to ensure that technological change benefits smallholders as well as large-scale producers. Ultimately, this study positions horticulture as a critical site for understanding the intersection of technology, society, and sustainability in the 21st century.

This paper comprehensively analyses the potential economic uplift that artificial intelligence technologies could impact on India's Gross Domestic Product by the year 2035, extrapolating from current adoption trends and projected technological advancements. It delves into the various sectors anticipated to experience significant AI-driven transformation, such as manufacturing, healthcare, and finance, and quantifies their probable contributions to the national economy .Furthermore, the paper assesses the policy frameworks and infrastructural developments necessary to maximize AI's economic benefits while mitigating potential challenges like job displacement and ethical considerations. Specifically, it employs a multi-sectoral general equilibrium model to simulate the aggregate economic impact, considering both direct productivity enhancements and spill over effects across interconnected industries.

Mainstream schooling in India has historically overlooked agriculture, even though it plays a critical role in livelihoods, culture, and ecological health. Alternative schools and community learning programs have emerged as important spaces for rethinking education. They integrate ecological knowledge, sustainable farming practices, and community resilience into teaching methods. This paper examines how agricultural education has evolved in India, with a focus on alternative schools like Marudam Farm School, Prakriya Green Wisdom School, The Peepal Grove School, Sarang Alternative School, and experimental institutions in Auroville and Bhoomi College. It also looks at Farmer Field Schools (FFSs) as participatory learning platforms for rural communities. By placing these initiatives within historical, policy, and sustainability contexts, the article argues that agricultural education through alternative models teaches practical farming skills while promoting ecological citizenship, resilience, and food sovereignty. The discussion addresses successes, challenges, and future possibilities, stressing the importance of including such approaches in broader educational and policy frameworks.

This research article examines the economic and environmental implications of solar energy production in Karnataka, a leading state in India's renewable energy revolution. By analyzing large-scale solar parks such as Pavagada, distributed rural solar initiatives, and innovative models like floating solar, the article presents a comprehensive view of the state’s solar journey. Through case studies and literature reviews, the paper discusses the benefits of renewable energy adoption along with the environmental and social challenges arising from its rapid expansion. Recommendations are provided for more inclusive, sustainable, and environmentally responsible solar energy development in Karnataka.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is reshaping the educational landscape, offering unprecedented opportunities and challenges for degree students. This paper explores the multifaceted role of AI in higher education, examining its impact on personalized learning, academic performance, and the evolving responsibilities of educators and students. Through a systematic review of recent studies and empirical data, we analyze the benefits and potential pitfalls of AI integration in academic settings. The findings underscore the necessity for strategic implementation, ethical considerations, and the development of AI literacy among stakeholders to ensure that AI serves as a catalyst for educational advancement rather than a detractor from academic integrity. The landscape of AI in undergraduate and graduate degree programs, identifies challenges and opportunities, proposes an implementation framework, outlines a mixed-methods methodology to evaluate impact, presents illustrative (simulated) results and visualizations, and recommends policy and institutional actions. The paper concludes that responsible, equity-focused AI adoption can improve learning outcomes, reduce time-to-degree, and better align programs with labor-market needs — provided ethical, privacy, and capacity-building issues are addressed.

This paper examines the emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) driven information access services in libraries, synthesizing recent literature, professional guidance, and documented implementations to propose frameworks for design, governance, and evaluation. It discusses core AI technologies (large language models, retrieval-augmented generation, semantic search, knowledge graphs, and machine learning for metadata), practical use cases (virtual reference chatbots, discovery layers, automated cataloging, digital preservation), and the ethical, legal, and capacity challenges libraries face. Recommendations are presented for strategic planning, data governance, staff skill development, and patron literacy so libraries can adopt AI responsibly while protecting intellectual freedom and privacy.

The rapid diffusion of artificial intelligence (AI) particularly generative and conversational models is reshaping how academic and public libraries to deliver services. This paper presents a mixed-methods study that, The reviews of recent literature and policy guidance, The surveys of librarians and patrons about AI adoption and perceptions. Findings show AI improves discoverability, 24/7 reference access, and workflow automation (cataloging, metadata enhancement), while raising ethical, privacy, accuracy, and workforce reskilling concerns. We conclude with evidence-based recommendations for responsible adoption, staff training, and evaluation metrics tailored to library missions.

Minor dynasties come into existence before the birth of an empire. In the same way after the fall of an empire minor dynasty come into existence. It is but natural. In this background before the birth of the empires of the Shatavahanas, Chalukyas, Rastrakutas, Kalyani Chalukyas, Vijayanagar, there were many minor dynasties in Karnataka. The following minor dynasties can be listed as follows: Abhihras of Aparanta, Punnatas of Keerthipura, Banaas, Alupas of Baarakur, Senavaras of Kudelur, Nolambas of Henjeru, Silaharas of Konkana, Cholas of Nidagal, Rattas of Soundatti, Kadambas of Hanagal, Changalvas of Arakalagudu, Sindhas of Elburga Pandyas of Uchchangi, Gutthas of Gutthala, Bhyrarasas of Karkala, Choutas of Ullala, Hagalavadi Palegars, Saalvas of Gerusoppa, Desais of Belavadi, Madhugiri Palegars, Palegars of Hadinadu, Arasas of Sode, Ghorpades of Sandur, Palegars of Sira, Nayakas of Surapura, Nawabs of Sira, Desais of Sangli, Desais of Miraj, Major Kurandawada Minor , Kurandawada (Wadagao), Jamkhandi, Mudhola,  Jatta, Akkalakote, Choorunda, Ramadurga and Savanur-Nawab.

This research paper conducts an empirical investigation into the trade relations between India and five prominent countries within the European Union: Germany, France, Italy, the Netherlands, and Spain. By employing a mixed-methods approach—utilizing quantitative trade data from UN Comtrade, the Indian Ministry of Commerce, and Eurostat, along with qualitative insights from trade reports—this study captures the depth and breadth of bilateral trade relations across key sectors. The analysis focuses on export-import dynamics, trade intensity, sectoral diversification, non-tariff barriers, and evolving trade policies. Despite several structural challenges, the results indicate considerable potential for bilateral trade growth, particularly in sectors like pharmaceuticals, renewable energy, digital services, and agro-processing. This paper concludes by providing practical recommendations to optimize India’s trade relationships with these countries through regulatory reforms, strategic collaboration, and logistics upgrades.

India’s rapid economic growth and rising energy demand create both a challenge and an opportunity for low-carbon development. This paper presents recent advances in green technologies—renewable power (solar, wind), energy storage, electric mobility, green hydrogen, circularity in solar/wind components, and waste-to-energy—assessing their potential to support India’s climate and development goals. India has committed to net-zero by 2070 and set ambitious non-fossil capacity and decarbonization targets for 2030; realizing them requires coordinated advances in technology, policy, finance, and grid infrastructure. Using a mixed-methods approach (policy analysis, literature synthesis, and recent national statistics), we highlight opportunities, structural bottlenecks (land, water, transmission), and targeted policy instruments—manufacturing push, transmission planning, demand-side measures, and R&D—to scale green solutions equitably. We conclude with priority research gaps and pragmatic policy recommendations to accelerate India’s green technology transition. [1, 2].

?ulba S?tra geometry specifies constructive rules for altar design, area equivalences, and canonical ratios (e.g., the diagonal-to-side constant of a square), yet real layouts inherit uncertainty from cord stretch, peg placement, and squareness. We present a compact framework that models such inputs as fuzzy numbers and computes α-level error bands with provable guarantees. Using a-cut decomposition, each a induces a Cartesian interval set for the uncertain parameters, and a robust subproblem that minimizes the worst-case geometric error subject to feasibility constraints. Under mild convexity and separable monotonicity, the worst-case error over an a-cut occurs at interval corners, yielding tractable LP/QP/SOCP instances and closed-form centering rules in additive models. We quantify two canonical constructions: (i) the diagonal ratio near 2 (Baudhayana rule) and (ii) rectangle-to-square area equivalence. In both cases the computed bands contract monotonically with a, delivering a uniform guarantee G∞ (maximal a-level error) and an interpretable credal average Gw. The method is solver-ready, membership-agnostic (LRtype shapes), and compatible with data-driven calibration of fuzzy inputs. Beyond these exemplars, the formulation extends to multi-objective tradeoffs (e.g., perimeter and area fidelity) and higher-order geometric constraints via conic relaxations. Overall, the approach provides a rigorous, implementationfriendly pathway to uncertainty-aware reconstruction of classical Indian geometric practice.

“Education is powerful weapon to change  the lives.”This quote is absolutely correct. Education is the process of learning and acquiring knowledge, skills, values, and attitudes that support personal and social development. It starts from early childhood and continues throughout life, occurring in schools, at home, and through real-life experiences. Education builds essential abilities like thinking critically, solving problems, and communicating effectively. It also promotes moral understanding, cultural awareness, and responsible citizenship. By helping individuals make wise choices and reach their goals, education improves lives and strengthens communities. Overall, it is a powerful tool for shaping individuals and advancing a nation's progress.

          Teachers hold a crucial position in the education system, serving as the foundation of student learning and development. They do more than just teach academic subjects—they guide, support, and influence the overall growth of their students. By creating a positive and interactive classroom atmosphere, teachers help learners develop intellectually, emotionally, and socially.

        In addition to explaining lessons, teachers spark curiosity, promote critical thinking, and encourage a love for learning that lasts a lifetime. They understand that each student is unique and adjust their teaching strategies to meet diverse learning needs, helping all students reach their full potential. Teachers also led by example, instilling important values like honesty, respect, responsibility, and kindness.

India's transition towards a cashless economy, driven by technological advancements and government initiatives such as Digital India and demonetization, has had a profound impact on the country's economic landscape. Among the sectors most affected by this digital transformation are Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs), which form the backbone of India's economy by contributing significantly to employment, exports, and GDP.

This study seeks to explore how this shift to a cashless economy has influenced MSMEs across urban, semi-urban, and rural settings. It provides an in-depth examination of digital payment adoption trends, operational changes, and financial implications for businesses of various scales. The research integrates comprehensive literature reviews, five case studies across diverse sectors, impact analysis, and a discussion of key challenges. It concludes with recommendations that aim to bridge digital divides, improve financial inclusion, and enhance MSME sustainability in a digitally-driven economy.

The findings suggest that while many MSMEs have reaped benefits such as increased efficiency, transparency, and market access through digital transactions, several also face barriers including lack of digital literacy, fear of taxation under GST norms, inadequate infrastructure, and limited access to digital credit. Strategic policy interventions and supportive ecosystems are critical for ensuring that the transition to a cashless economy is inclusive and sustainable for India’s MSME sector.

In this paper, we take a closer look at the impressive progress made by the UGC in resolving students’ grievances digitally over the period of time.  It focuses on the significant impact made on lives of Students by improving the effectiveness, efficiency, transparency, and accountability of governance processes, services, and decision-making. The UGC e-Samadhaan portal is an online platform for addressing grievances and concerns related to higher education institutions in India by Launched by the University Grants Commission (UGC). It acts as a single-window system for stakeholders, including students, teachers, and institutions, to register their complaints and queries. This platform ensures a time-bound mechanism for redressal of the grievances. To stream line the stake holder’s grievance redressal mechanisms, UGC has merged its existing portals/ helplines except Anti Ragging Helpline and developed a new portal "UGC e-Samadhaan. It is a single Window system for all the stake holders for registering their complaints/ grievances on the portal which would be available 24x7 with a click of mouse. A toll-free No. 1800-111-656 will also be available on UGC website 24x7 for lodging complaints by the stake holders on any issue faced by them. This paper also discusses the importance, Success story and major issues in Online students Grievances Redressal System.

We discuss a method of measuring activity of bacteria of significance in agriculture using optical tweezer based technique. The hydrodynamic disturbance caused by collective bacterial activity results in the hike of measured power spectral densities of the thermally fluctuated trapped bead in active bacterial suspensions. Measurement of bacterial activity as a function of time is enabled us to identify bacterial strain which shows higher motility.

Education will be a decisive catalyst in driving India’s growth and development. A truly successful education system must be rooted in knowledge, wisdom, creativity, motivation, and encouragement. As the world’s fifth-largest economy, soon to become the third-largest, India is well-positioned to advance strategically in technology, infrastructure, and education. A diverse and skilled workforce, nurtured through world-class institutions, will play a pivotal role in boosting innovation and productivity. To achieve this vision, it is essential to bridge the knowledge gap surrounding the importance of interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary learning. By 2047, when India marks 100 years of independence, we must envision an educational framework that empowers every citizen, fosters inclusivity, and equips learners to meet the opportunities and challenges of the 21st century. Key components in shaping this framework include vocational education and skill development, integration of technology, robust digital infrastructure, tech-enabled learning, digital literacy and inclusion, responsible use of technology, as well as comprehensive teacher training and support. Beyond formal and vocational learning, students must also cultivate essential future-ready skills such as communication, emotional intelligence, problem-solving, creativity, collaboration, active learning, curiosity, decision-making, interpersonal skills, time management, logical reasoning, leadership, analytical ability, and a strong learning mindset. Career development today goes far beyond simply earning a degree or gaining work experience—it requires continuous upskilling, adaptability, and a holistic approach to personal and professional growth.

Voting is widely recognized as the cornerstone of democratic participation, enabling citizens to influence governance by expressing their political preferences. In India—the world’s largest democracy—voting in Lok Sabha elections carries particular weight as it determines the composition of the central government and legitimizes the political order. Since independence, India has conducted regular, competitive, and largely free elections, establishing an impressive democratic record. Yet, despite institutional innovations and the expansion of universal adult suffrage, voter turnout has remained uneven across regions, social groups, and categories of the electorate.

This paper examines the importance of voting in India’s Lok Sabha elections through a critical analysis of existing literature, empirical trends, and comparative perspectives. It identifies the structural, socio-economic, psychological, and administrative factors that contribute to low voter turnout, while also highlighting the paradoxical patterns whereby marginalized groups often vote more actively than elites. The paper explores the effects of declining turnout on legitimacy, representation, policy-making, and accountability. By engaging with both theoretical frameworks and practical realities, it underscores that enhancing voter participation is essential to ensure that Indian democracy remains inclusive and representative. The paper concludes by recommending multidimensional strategies—ranging from civic education and electoral reforms to inclusive political practices—that could strengthen participation in future elections.

 Innovative trends in mathematical education  will play a vital role  in ensuring its sustainable development within higher education .the rapid integration of technology, interdisciplinary approaches and learners centered pedagogies has transformed the traditional  methods of teaching and learning mathematics . emerging practices  such as digital learning platform, data driven adaptive learning systems and visualization tools enhance problem  solving skills and conceptual understanding . project based  research oriented learning promotes creativity  critical  and deep learning and enforce   the students to  apply the mathematical concept to real world challenges, thereby prepare the students  to meet the demands of professional and academic needs .providing collaborative learning environment , inclusive education and sustainable teaching practices ensures the need of mathematics across diverse context. Overall speaking these innovative methods  not only meets the needs of  students  by strengthening  the Mathematical literacy for  but also provide scope for life long  learning , which is the primary objective  for the sustainable growth of higher education

The freedom movement fundamentally changed the landscape of India in terms of polity, economy, culture, education, and more. The beginning of the 20th century marked a massive transition with the intensification of the struggle for independence. No part of India remained untouched, particularly during the Gandhian phase of the freedom struggle, and Karnataka was no exception. Tumkur district, geographically close to Bangalore, was deeply influenced by the activities in Bangalore and Mysore.

The early, or nascent, phase of the movement was inspired by the ideas of Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak. Newspapers served as the primary carriers of messages from national leaders who were shaping the struggle against the British. During the Gandhian phase, the movement became more ideologically defined and transformed into a mass movement. Tumkur district also played its part in this transformation. Prominent leaders from the region included K. Ranaiyangar, T. Subramanya, Neelakanta Rao, D.S. Mallappa, K. Narayan Shetty, and others.

The Nagpur session of the Indian National Congress in 1920 had a profound impact on regional spaces across India, fostering a new sense of political integration. Several leaders from Tumkur attended the session under the leadership of R.R. Diwakar and, upon their return, became torchbearers of the national movement in the district. Although the Indian national movement is often discussed at the national level, in reality it was shaped and driven by regional leaders and local participation. In this sense, the present paper seeks to locate and contextualize the freedom movement in Tumkur district.

It was, in many respects, a district-level movement. This paper is based on an understanding of both primary sources and published works.

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) plays a pivotal role in shaping a developed and inclusive India, referred to as Viksit Bharat. This study examines the evolving role and responsibilities of CSR initiatives in fostering socio-economic development, environmental sustainability, and ethical governance. With a focus on how corporations align their CSR strategies with national development goals, this research highlights key areas such as community welfare, sustainable growth, and partnership with government schemes. The findings reveal that effective CSR implementation can significantly contribute to India’s vision of becoming a developed nation. Recommendations emphasize the need for transparency, stakeholder engagement, and a long-term strategic approach to maximize CSR impact.

Traditional practices like yoga and Kho-Kho play a significant role in shaping cultural identity, promoting health, and supporting social development in South Karnataka. Recent research highlights both the spiritual and physical benefits of these practices, as well as their evolving place in contemporary society. This paper delves into how these traditional Indian practices, specifically yoga and the indigenous game of Kho-Kho, significantly contribute to the formation of national identity and community well-being within the unique cultural landscape of South Karnataka. Furthermore, this research delves into how these indigenous practices, by promoting physical well-being, mental discipline, and community cohesion, inadvertently support broader national development objectives by fostering a healthy, disciplined, and unified citizenry. The research suggests that incorporating these traditional activities into modern society not only improves individual well-being but also fosters a shared identity crucial for building a strong national identity.

Puranas have greatly influenced the minds of Indians. Rama, Krishna, and Shiva have influenced us beyond our historical consciousness and have civilized us. Gandhi, who dreamed of India becoming a Rama Rajya, was influenced by Rama's supreme democratic policy. Krishna is a great political expert and a symbol of perfection. Shiva is a symbol of immeasurable, abstract infinity. The concept of Ardhanarishwara belongs to mythology. Valmiki is a symbol of immense talent, representing a culture that transcends social classes. Sita is the role of a woman who accepted a patriarchal society as an ideal Sati. On the other hand, the ideal Sati is a character who symbolizes the exploitation of women. Thus, the characters of the Puranas set before us many examples of ideal and actual defects, and many characters of the Puranas have the power to educate the illiterate. Thus, we can identify the principles of socialism in the background of the stories of many Puranas.

Technology plays a significant role in education. It makes learning easy, interesting, and effective, and also helps teachers improve their teaching methods. It provides personalized learning experiences to students and makes learning more engaging and enjoyable through interactive learning tools, videos, and games. The use of technology has the power to transform education. It motivates students to take on the competitive world. Technology has permeated the education sector and is a part of our lives. Increasing diversity in learning styles, enabling classmates to interact with each other, accessing the latest models faster, and using creative and affordable digital books, e-books, and revision materials that are easily available on the internet.

The role of caste and class in Indian electoral politics is a subject of ongoing debate. Inequality within society, the possibility of mobility, and the emergence of new political alliances are making electoral politics increasingly complex. This article analyses the role of caste, class, and social mobility, using recent electoral strategies as examples to try to understand the formation of new alliances. Elections are the fundamental essence of Indian democracy. The process of electing representatives is strongly influenced by the caste and class structures that are prevalent at different levels of society. While many scholars argue that caste-based voting is the basic nature of Indian elections, class and social mobility have also emerged as significant factors in recent decades. Against this backdrop, new political alliances are being formed, which are affecting not only electoral outcomes but also policy decisions.

Folklore is once again shining in society. Folklore is a mirror that holds up the culture of the people. Folklore has remained the lifeline of the nation, the formula of ethics, the lamp of life, and the medium of hearts that shed various cultures of life. If there were no folklore in life today, life would have no meaning. We would not see the behavior, speech, inner principles of our ancestors, loyalty, devotion, meaning of life, and moral values. Folklore is not a term of yesterday; it is a type of literature that has been passed down from mouth to mouth from our elders to generations. There can be no mistake in saying that folklore is a mirror that holds up the culture of the people directly. Folklore is the literature of the people or the word of the wise. It is born from the people, raised by the people, and remains among the people. Every emotion of the common people has been shaped into a folktale.

Kuvempu has formulated the five sutras of the universalist concept for today's society, namely Manuja Mata, Vishwapatha, Sarvodaya, Samanvaya, Purna Drishti, as a manifesto of the seven fundamental principles that must be achieved to become a universalist.

The first people who inspired Kuvempu to achieve this were his parents and environment, and most importantly, James H Cousins, whom Kuvempu met in his childhood. Accepting his words and writing in English, Kuvempu, who was writing in Kannada, one of the richest languages ??of the world, began to write. Even before Kuvempu started writing in Kannada, James Cousins ??had said, "No language is incompetent. It may seem incompetent to the incompetent until a competent person comes along. When a competent person comes along, they can accomplish any miracle in their hands."1 Kuvempu started writing in Kannada by saying this.

From the past till today, literature has been teaching values. No matter what type of literature, it continues to instill values ??in society. The original purpose of literature is to make humans human. There is a lot of folk literature spread all over the world. The purpose of folk literature in all countries is to wish good for the society. Literature is the medicine for this sick society. Our elders have collected their experience and wisdom and left it before us in the form of poetry, stories, proverbs, and riddles. The basic mantra of their lives was the upliftment of mankind. The greatest poetry in the world is the Kelevaala of Finland. The second is our Malemahadeshwara poetry. There are many folk poems in Karnataka. We find many poems like the poetry of Male Mahadeshwara, the poetry of Beeralinga, the poetry of Junjappa, the poetry of Manteswamy, and so on. There are countless folk songs. There is a poem for every celebration, a poem of consolation for every sorrow. Thus, our ancestors have left folk songs before us.

When we look at the history of Kannada literature, the thoughts of Desiism are clearly evident in the Vachana literature of the twelfth century. Vachana literature is a literary form that was used as a propaganda medium by Basavanna and other Sharanas for religious and social revolutions due to its unique designs. Until then, such a literary form had not been used in Kannada. Vachana literature is not something that is imagined or written by poets. Moreover, Vachana literature is a literature that is formed apart from poetry, drama, story, novel, history, etc. Structures similar to vachanas did not appear in Sanskrit or other indigenous languages ??before the eleventh or twelfth century.1 Those involved in the creation of vachana literature were the common people. All of them spoke thoughtful words of self-confession, wrote what they said, and the writings they wrote gained social recognition and became vachanas. Self-confessional words emerged in the language of the common people and blended into the lives of the people. The common people were able to understand them simply. The self-confessional words that came from them were not words that they felt they had to say to others. The writings that they wrote to themselves, to express themselves, to purify their inner and outer selves, emerged as vachana literature.

Y.K. Ramaiah was a rare political thinker who had his own place in the political arena of Karnataka. He was also a great politician and a versatile talent. As an agriculturist, lawyer, politician, environmentalist, and social activist, Ramaiah's contributions to our society are unforgettable. Ramaiah was popular for his qualities such as simplicity, honesty, principledness, strictness, and purity. In an era when politics was a neglected concept among the people, Ramaiah was a great administrator who used politics for the progress of society. Because of all these social works, Ramaiah was known as a political enthusiast, a silk king, a leader of the Saulu trees, a pioneer of Hemavati, and a popular politician. Even today, his achievements remain unsurpassed in the minds of the people. He played an important role in the construction of a new society through good politics.

This article takes the topic “Role of Kannada Literature in a Developed India” as its focal point and analyses the role that Kannada literature has played in nation-building and can play in the future. While India aims to become a developed nation by 2047, the importance of culture, language, and literature cannot be ignored, along with economic and technological development. Kannada literature, through its rich heritage, diverse movements, and intellectual powers, gives strength to the dream of a developed India. According to the historical background, Kannada literature, starting with greats like Pampa, Ranna, Basavanna, Akka Mahadevi, has advocated human values, equality, and justice in society through Navodaya, Pragatshila, Navye, Dalit, and Rebel literature. In recent times, Kannada literature has expanded its influence in a technology-friendly format, reaching a new generation through the digital age.

This article examines the topic of Kannada literature and its role in social change. Kannada language, from its ancient times to the present modern era, is not only the basis of literary heritage, but also has the power to shape society. Literature has become a voice that questions the imbalance, exploitation, caste-religion-gender discrimination, and inadequacy of rights and powers in society. Starting from Vachana literature, the article analyzes the influence of medieval devotional literature, modern poetry, Dalit literature, and women's literature. Vachana writers, devotional poets, modern writers, women, and Dalit writers inspired equality, humanity, and justice in society through their works. This literature has become a force for change in public opinion.

Folk literature is as vast as the universe. Folk literature and moral values ??help in shaping a better life. Environmental love, experience, truth, honesty, relationships, service, philanthropy, rituals, compassion, love, affection, mercy, tradition, culture, etc. are found. The world of folklore is very diverse, vast, and has intertwined relationships through experience. Life is about living with peace, patience, and peace. Thus, folk literature and moral values ??can be understood through study.

Electoral politics in Karnataka is a multi-party system, with a diverse political environment of caste-religion, language, and regions. In this state, each political party is trying to attract people through its manifestos before the elections. This study analyzes the election manifestos of 2013, 2018, and 2023, and analyzes the promises made in them, the aspects that have been implemented, and the aspects that remain only statements. In addition, a survey has been conducted on voter behavior and public expectations. This study explains the political system of Karnataka, the importance of manifestos, and the need for their implementation.

Development means 'island'. Similarly, developed India means; an ambitious idea proposed by the Government of India while presenting the budget for the year 2024-25. The goal of a developed India is to develop India globally by 2047, that is, to achieve progress in the economic, social, technological and alternative environmental fields.

It is said that the goal of a developed India is to create ideas such as economic empowerment, infrastructural development, sustainability, technological progress and social equality in the context of achieving employment opportunities, a better standard of living and self-reliance for every citizen of India.

Kannada is the language of dance; Kannada is the language of your ears. Go to hell and split open. Boy, you are a child of Mughal Kannada, you are a Kannada word, don't you see, Kannada is just a language? Isn't it a mantra, a power, etc., these are the words of our poets expressing their admiration for the 'Kannada' language. When the word 'Kannada' comes, we all get excited; we get nervous; we are filled with pride. We express our blind admiration for the Kannada language by giving many reasons, such as the fact that it is a language with an ancient heritage, that it has attained classical status, that it has a rich history of thousands of years, that it has witnessed the creation of diverse literature, that it holds a prominent place among Indian languages, and that it is the mother tongue of millions of common people. While talking about the past and present of a language, it is equally necessary to think about its future.

The Ishwara Temple, located on a hilltop in Madhugiri taluk of Tumkur district in Midigesi, is one of the most important temples of the Shaiva tradition in Karnataka. According to historians, the original architectural features of this temple date back to the Hoysala period, but it has evolved in several stages with the rise of the Vijayanagara Empire and the patronage of the later Palas. The inscriptions available in Volume XI of Epigraphia Carnatica mention land donations and donations in the 13th century, which is evidence that the temple was a religious and cultural center from the Hoysala period. There is information that the officials of the Vijayanagara Empire provided financial support for the annual festivals of this temple; especially the festival held on the Shuddha Saptami of the month of Katthika was a large mass celebration. There are also records of the Palegars supporting the temple in accordance with the devotion of the local people, which show the interrelationship of political and religious life. Architecturally, the Ishwara temple is a unique example of the combination of Hoysala and Vijayanagara styles: the Hoysala-style navaranga, delicate stone carvings, and pillar designs are found here, as well as the influence of the Vijayanagara-style gopura, large assembly hall, and music hall. The Panchamuka Shivalinga installed in the sanctum sanctorum is of a rare form, representing the five functions of Shiva: creation, existence, destruction, disappearance, and grace. In front of the sanctum sanctorum, the statue of Shantamuka Nandi, the idol of Goddess Parvati, the strong sculptures of the doorkeepers, and the floral decorations on the pillars of the mantapa show the artistic excellence of this temple. The mention of Devadasis in the inscriptions indicates that the temple served not only as a center of worship but also as a stage for dance and music activities. During festivals and auspicious days, especially during the month of Katthika and Mahashivratri, the villagers gather in large numbers, hoist flags, offer garlands to Nandi, and worship Shiva-Parvati. The religious tradition that began centuries ago is still alive. The temple is the center of cultural unity of the rural society and has strengthened social bonds between the people during festivals. Being located near the fort, it represents the integration of military and religious centers. Nowadays, the Archaeological Department has declared it a protected monument and has taken steps to resolve problems such as cracks in the tower and sculptures, fading of paint, damage to wooden doors, etc. Thus, the Ishwara Temple of Midigesi is a very important religious-cultural center reflecting the history, art, sculpture and life of the rural society of Karnataka, and stands as a living testimony to the continuity of the Shaivite tradition.

The concept of colonialism is very complex. But its study is still relevant today. There are no books that explain the concept of colonialism in detail. The concept of colonialism applies to the period after the sixteenth century. The development of science and technology, geographical exploration, etc., that developed since the sixteenth century, made European countries increase their activities in Asia, Africa, and America. The changing situation in Europe changed the colonial areas. This change shook all the spheres of life of the people of the colonial area. That is, the social, political, and economic aspects could not remain in their previous form. The present article aims to discuss the hidden intentions behind the proposition of the concept of colonialism.

Mahatma Gandhi summed up his philosophy of life with the words "My life is my message". His multifaceted and dynamic personality was based on truth and was motivated only by truth. Non-violence was an intrinsic element of Gandhiji's core philosophy. On August 8, 1942, on the eve of the Quit India Movement, at the All India Congress Committee meeting in Bombay, Mahatma Gandhi declared, "I want to live the full span of my life and, according to me, the full span of life is 125 years. By that time, not only India will be free but the whole world will be free."

Today, I do not believe that the English are free; I do not believe that the Americans are free. What are they free to do? To keep the rest of humanity in captivity? Are they fighting for their freedom? I am not arrogant. I am not a proud person. I know the difference between pride, arrogance, etc. But I believe what I am saying is the voice of God. What I am telling you is the fundamental truth.

When we look at the proverbs like 'Janapada beru, sathella naaru' and 'Janavani beru, kavivani hovu', we understand the depth of folk literature. Such folk literature was born from the associations of the people. This folk literature, which was born as a hobby and full of humor among the people in the villages, is now like a great tree. Not only folk songs, but also drama, riddles, proverbs, ballads, stories, Odapu, games, meals, art, etc.

Folk literature has remained with the people for thousands of years and has been passed down from generation to generation in a memorised form. In the middle of the 16th century, folk literature started to be called etotantaodi.

When we look at the history of India, the country has been built on the countless sacrifices made by several individuals. Among the great men who fought for the country, women stand at the forefront. History has seen many women who have displayed extraordinary courage and intelligence. We are experiencing the fruits of their struggle today. History is incomplete without mentioning the contributions of women. The sacrifices made by the women of Karnataka have occupied a prominent place in the history of the country's political struggle. They became successful rulers with true zeal and courage. The women of Karnataka walked shoulder to shoulder with the men of their time. The list of great women whose names have gone down in history for their dedication and unwavering devotion to the service of Karnataka is very long. The role of women fighters in the history of Karnataka should be written in golden letters. They dedicated their lives to their motherland. The present article mentions the women rulers who contributed to the country through their rule and struggle in the 16th and 17th centuries.

India is the largest democracy in the world. It is based on the principles of equality, liberty and fraternity. Adopting the principles and values ??of democracy in the field of education is a good development. By adopting these in education, every individual will be able to take social responsibility and will welcome the changes that occur in the society of education. These changes will help in implementing educational plans. Also, education opportunities will make the common man aware of rights and duties. Training the students, who are the future citizens of the country, about the values ??and ideals of democracy will contribute to national development. Especially in the context of trying to build a democratic life in the current secular state of our country, it is necessary to strengthen the need for education to instill national consciousness in everyone and its place in a proper way. Without education, democracy in society will remain just a blank sheet of paper. Democracy succeeds by creating knowledgeable, aware, and responsible citizens. Every citizen of society must be aware and responsible. Education is the most important weapon to foster this awareness and responsibility.

Education is a precious part of life; an uneducated person is equal to an uncivilized savage, and unworthy education is the main way to make the dumb speak, find their rights, and build a respectable life. The backward classes were denied the opportunity to get an education. Education was limited only to the upper castes. The lower castes were not allowed to study religious texts and listen to the verses of religious texts with their ears; it was considered a great sin, it was a cursed element, and they were punished.

The lower castes were limited to their traditional profession and honor-related experiences. Until the modern era, the opportunity to study in Sanskrit was not available to the backward classes. Western Christian missionaries, to propagate their religion and select qualified people for the posts of clerks in their administrative offices, began to provide education facilities on a secular basis, especially by ignoring the differences of caste, gender, class, place, and ethnicity. "English is the key to modern knowledge." The British made the illiterate literate through education. The illiterate learned to write. The blind traditionalists became intelligent.

Tumkur district of Karnataka has a rich cultural heritage with several historical and religious sites. The cultural heritage of Tumkur district focuses on the history, architecture and cultural influences of various dynasties. The heritage of the district is preserved through ancient forts, temples, and religious centres, which reflect its evolution under rulers like the Gangas, Hoysalas, Vijayanagara king,s and later Nayaks and the Mysore Odes.

Tumkur district of Karnataka has a rich cultural heritage with several historical and religious sites. The cultural heritage of Tumkur district focuses on the history, architecture and cultural influences of various dynasties. The heritage of the district is preserved through ancient forts, temples, and religious centres, which reflect its evolution under rulers like the Gangas, Hoysalas, Vijayanagara king,s and later Nayaks and the Mysore Odes.

Democratic education is indeed essential for today’s India. Because, while our present government ruling India is committed to making our country a developed India by 2047, only when the aspirations of democracy come to the fore in complement to a developed India, our country can remain and grow as a democratic nation of the masses.

In this regard, in addition to the formal and informal education that we are providing to the country, that is, the people of the country, there is no doubt that there is a necessity for democratic education to urgently convey democratic values and to inculcate democratic values ??in the people. So, what is democratic education? What are its objectives? Why is democratic education necessary, and what are the challenges ahead for it? And what are the solutions to this? This article will explain what needs to be understood.

If a woman changes in the context of social change, the life and thought patterns of the writer also build a new foundation. That is, change is not only on an individual level, but also the influence of social pressure is very important. Whether it comes in the form of anger, influence, or pressure, ultimately it takes the form of consequences. Because as we engage in the study of women's poetry, we get a clear picture of this. The word choice is the symbol of freedom. This model of choice is available to women only through the accepted society. That is, when we look at women as a gender model, freedom of choice becomes taboo. Even in the 21st century, we continue to dig up old models of ideas, which makes us aware of the reality that women are trapped in the circular system of social positioning. Because it is more necessary today for a woman to delve into the pain of another woman who is socially oppressed, into her writing, and there is no doubt that modern women's poetry is doing such a job very adequately.

In the humanities, linguistics is also a branch. Literature also comes in the line of media of expression, such as art, music, dance, acting, etc. When a human being gives a tangible form to his thoughts, feelings, experiences, and sensations, it emerges as literature. The creator of literature not only has the responsibility and urgency to express his ideas and dreams, but also to make predictions. A writer or an author is an integral part of this society. Therefore, he puts into writing the vision he has seen, the experience he has had, and the thoughts of his dreams.

Just like a writer of other Indian languages, a writer of the Kannada language also wants to change his society, his region and his country. As the saying goes, ‘Writing is a weapon of thought and change’, from the ancient poet Pampa to the great poet Kuvempu, and even the recent contemporary writers, they have touched upon the happenings of their times.

There is no India of the twenty-first century like British India. It is maintaining its identity and growing. It is taking steps towards becoming a developed country. It is making its mark on the world map in most fields.

Many writers in Kannada diligently research the subject matter and give it wings of imagination to create literary works. It is right that research-inspired literary works have been in vogue since the time of T.R.A.Su's Durgastamana novel. It should be considered that the share of legends is high in this. But few writers among us have made this multidisciplinary style their literary path. The way in which they have used the research field for their storytelling and the art of excitingly conveying research ideas through different techniques is new to Kannada.

Dr. K.N. Ganeshaiah is important as a novelist based on multidisciplinary research in Kannada literature. Originally an agricultural scientist, he is bringing together history, culture, literature, and the environment within the scope of his work, creating awareness and a taste for reading in the readers. He is introducing the field of research to the common people by providing a new kind of insight into the important cultural life of our state and country.

Bendre's life was more bitter than sweet, facing all the experiences of life. Although he wasted time in the hustle and bustle of daily life, he was a natural poet who believed in the present and the future. A 'Rasarishi Kavi' who breathed life into a new variety of literature, material, and topics, giving a touch of poetic beauty to the 'Rasarashirishi Kavi'. Although he penned in literary genres such as stories, poetry, and criticism, Bendre made poetry his medium of expression. Through this, he earned the 'feathers' of Jnanpith and Kendra Sahitya Academy. A unique poet who has combined the beauty of nature with her life in her poetry and has given a humble invitation to Kannada poetry lovers. Here is my emotional writing about the poetry collection 'Nadalilee', which was inspired by such a poet.

If we look at the history of Kannada literature, the first play is Govinda, a friend of Singacharayan, around the 17th century. So, were there no plays composed in Kannada literature before that? The question arises. Even if they were composed, they may not have been available, or there may not have been a necessity for the composition of plays. That is, as one of the Mimamsakas said, ‘Kavyeshu Natakam Ramyam’, the most romantic of poems is drama. On this basis, it is said that literature as a whole is called poetry. Therefore, ancient poems fill the gap of this drama, or they are the ones that are suitable for becoming dramas. The dramatic nature present in the poems of poets like Pampa, Ranna, and Raghavanka is proof of this. While this was at the level of classical literature and Rajasthan, folk theatre was one of the pillars of entertainment for the common people.

When a girl or a boy reaches puberty and is found to be a third gender, the family throws such a person out of the house. Due to this, the entire society rejects and ridicules that person. Finally, they have to live in extreme humiliation in civil society, with prostitution and begging as their only option. The government has considered the group that lives abandoned in society as Hijras, transgender, sexual minorities, third genders, or gender minorities.

Jainism in Karnataka started spreading from the third century BC and was especially encouraged during the Ganga dynasty. The Gangas built many basadis in Shravanabelagola, and their charity also spread to villages like Midigesi. While the Hoysalas reflected this religion in their sculpture, Jain temples received a revival in the form of gold decorations and huge stone pavilions during the Vijayanagara period. The architectural styles found in the Midigesi temple bear the influence of all these Parvas. The sculpture of a cow, a tiger, and a cow standing peacefully in one place at the entrance of the temple eloquently expresses the principle of non-violence of Jainism. This entrance is not just a physical gate; it is a philosophical gate, a symbol representing the path of non-violence and equality. The temple's pillar stands with a four-faced Jinn idol, representing the omnipresent influence of religion. It is reminiscent of the pillar at Shravanabelagola. In the sanctum sanctorum, a Jinn idol carved in black granite is enshrined in the Dhyanamudra, and the gold-decorated gate surrounding the idol reflects the splendor of the Vijayanagara period. The mandapa is built of stone pillars, showing the technical skill of the Hoysalas. The flat roof, square pillars, and the symbols carved on them all testify to the extent to which stone art is still alive today. The temple premises are decorated with sculptures such as the swastika, the Dharmachakra, the lotus, and the kalash. All these reflect the deep meanings of Jainism. This temple is not just a religious center for the village, but also a representative of cultural and social unity. The festivals held in the temple bring together people from all walks of life. The scripture recitation, mass meals, and religious lectures strengthen the unity of the society. The Midigesi temple is not just a place of worship for the Jain community in the village; it is a beacon of life. The Midigesi Jain temple is analyzed from a holistic perspective of history, architecture, sculpture, and religious practices. The report is not just a collection of ancient information, but rather reveals the intersection between art, religion, and society. It not only clarifies the splendor of the temple, but also the life of the community behind it, the principles of religio,n and the path of history.)

Shriyut Krishna Shastri is a unique and incomparable person who shows imagination in a short time. If a grain of rice stands erect, it means that it is a husk. Shastri's personality is full of grain. He lives a meaningful life as a generous donor and a loving teacher of children. He who stood up to shock at a young age and attained a settled consciousness by becoming absorbed in divine contemplation became a poet, playwright, spiritualist, and ascetic. He was influenced by Sri Belegere Krishna Shastri, Sri Ramana, Mukundur Swami, Gandhiji Vinobhav, Jiddu Krishnamurthy, etc. He is also a great person who has traveled the country, studied literature and cultures, and continuously engaged in constructive work. Sri Shastri is admired by Jaimini Bharati Lakshmisha Kavi. He has established Sri Sharada Mandir in Belegere, turned his hut into a hostel for its students, and is providing food and education to poor children with the meager income from his garden and the donations given by donors. Many such constructive works are examples of his social service. The fact that he remained detached from the national award even when it came is a testament to his simplicity. The thoughts, actions, and words of the Shastri, who, despite fearing for his life, did not abandon his ideals and lived with humility, are exemplary. Currently, there is a critical attempt to analyze the poet's intentions regarding his poetry collection 'Tumbi'.

The experience of thousands of years of human life is the result of his thoughts. Their beliefs, practices, behaviors, etc. come into the thought of writing. And their lives are always unique concepts that come to our experience through their practices, manners, and policies. Folk culture covers all aspects of people's lives, and it can be seen that all aspects of people's lives are covered by it.

It is impossible to find the same kind of culture all over the world. Although there are some similarities in many cultures, there should not be any diversity in them. Diversity is also a feature of culture. Sometimes the similarity of culture can be understood from the way of life of the folk. The way of opposing the accepted behavior and evil in folklore is also a part of culture. Culture includes elements that reward accepted behavior and punish those who are troublesome to the community. Such a pure life is part of folk culture. The moral elements in folk are pro-social and lead to a harmonious life. While the process of cultural assimilation involves accepting many good things from other cultures without any regard for one's own, there is always an opportunity in all regions to be culturally harmonious with each other.

During the reign of Garjishasana in 1089 AD, the Chalukya king Tribhuvana Malladeva (Vikramaditya VI) was ruling. His feudatory, Tribhuvana Malladeva, an officer of the Hoysala dynasty, Udayaditya Nayaka, the son of Nolamba Gavunda, the son of Sankayya Basavayya of Kalavaranadu, and Nangavunda Kaleamma of Asandinadu, built the Moolsthan temple of the Kituyangarajaya kingdom during his reign. He donated land in various places to the divine scholars for the service of God and for the Nandadeepa. The Tumbihere inscription records that Jagadekamalla Immadi Nolamba Pallava was ruling as a vassal of the Chalukya king. While he was residing in Ganga, he donated various lands to the Tumbihere Moolasthan Deva and the ascetic monks of the monastery there, as requested by the Perggade Chandimaiya Nayaka.

On the basis of its form, the rhyme of Indian literature can be divided into three types, namely Sanskrit rhyme, Prakrit rhyme, and Dravidian rhyme. Among these, the rhymes formed by various combinations of Guru-Laghus are Varnavrittas, Matravritta, and Anshamvrittas. The mantra literature used in the Vedic literature, which is considered to be the ancient literature of India, is identified as Vedic rhyme. Because rhyme is one of the six parts of the Vedas, rhyme in the Sanskrit language is as ancient as the Vedas. In the Rigveda, mantras were arranged systematically in a specific order to facilitate the recitation of mantras while studying the Vedas. It was identified by the letter number. Whether the letter was short or long, light or heavy, it was considered one letter. Therefore, such circles are called letter circles. Along with the rule of letter number, the pronunciation of letters was accompanied by the fluctuation of vowels and the introduction of rhythm. But scholars say that there were no specific rules or ideas about the number of feet, the length of the feet, and the light-heavy designs of the letters. In such a system, during the Vedas, Vedic rhymes named Gayatri, Anustubh, Brihati, Pa, Trishtup, Jagati arose. These circle divisions were identified by the number of letters in the respective circle pada. That is, the differences in the number of syllables made it possible to understand how one circle differed from another. Later, Sanskrit poets introduced quatrains of equal length and the same light-heavy pattern to facilitate the composition of verse. That is, the rules of rhythm were strictly followed in secular rhyme. The Vedic letter circles later differed in the number of feet and syllables in secular rhyme. There was a concept of gana in Vedic rhyme, where we see a ganavinyasa of four syllables. In the later period of poetry, the system of presenting them as a gana of three syllables was established. That is, the four-syllable gana went away and it became a tradition to measure secular circles from the gana of three syllables. Various calculations of guru-light patterns were used, and diversity was possible in the color circles. In such different types of varnavrittas, the number of letters and the design of short and long letters were also identified by the method of division called varnagana. The three early varnavrittas of secular chanting - Pingala, Bharata, Jayadeva - began their varnavrittas with a six-letter quadrilateral circle called Tanumadhya. Similarly, T.V. Venkatachala Shastri's statement that they ended with a 26-letter quadrilateral called Bhujanga Prayata or Apavaha is correct. The varnavrittas, which evolved through Sanskrit secular chanting, appeared in various forms over time. They were respectively described as equal quadrilaterals, semi-equal quadrilaterals and odd quadrilaterals. From the number of letters and the design of short and long letters, it is clear that the four feet of the circle are equal quadrilaterals; Due to the number of letters and the design of the short and long letters, the circles with equal sides and equal sides are called half-samachatushpadis; due to the number of letters and the design of the short and long letters, the circles with different sides in all four feet, i.e., those that are different from the two types mentioned above, are called asama/vishamachatushpadis. However, in addition to Kannada literature, Shastra, Lakshanadi texts, even Samavrittas and Stotra literature are also used exclusively.

Chamarajanagar district is a district on the southern border of Karnataka state and was separated from Mysore district on 15 August 1997. It was named Chamarajanagar in memory of Chamaraja Wodeyar, the father of the third Krishnaraja Wodeyar, as he was born here. Earlier, Chamarajanagar was known as Arikuthara. Chamarajanagar includes the surrounding Vanasiri area along with the taluks of Yalandur, Gundlupet, and Kollegal. It is the 26th district of Karnataka state with its rivers like Vanasiri, Dharmasiri, Prakriti Datta Falls, Suvarnavati, and Kaveri. The current year has changed, and the decade has come to a close. The area that was once the historical Arikuthara, now known as Chamarajanagar, has its own unique features. Chamarajanagar district stretches up to the Nilgiris, where the Eastern and Western Ghats meet. It extends from 110, 350, 370 North latitude to 120, 180, 110, North latitude and from 760, 240, 19th East longitude to 770, 430, 450 East longitude. The total geographical area of ??Chamarajanagar district is 5101.00 square kilometers. In Chamarajanagar district, Kollegal taluk is the largest in area and Yalandur taluk is the smallest.

Besagarahalliramanna has distinguished himself in this country as a creative writer who not only treated the body through medicine but also treated society as a writer. Ramanna is the voice of the land of Mandya. He has expressed the sound of his voice in stories. Just as proverbs reflect the life of the society, Ramanna's stories reflect the life of the people of this land.

The reason for Ramanna's obsession with writing stories was 'Desalli Amma' (the wife of Ramanna's father's brother-in-law), who used to tell many stories in a very interesting way. Ramanna himself has said that "her stories were even tastier than the jaggery I used to give when I was a child". His first story was ‘Hasivina Kahale’. Unfortunately, it remained unpublished. Undeterred by this, he wrote the story ‘Haavudhu Hutta’, which was his first official story, and he created many more stories after that. The story ‘Devara Hoovu’ is one of the many famous stories, published in ‘Prabandha Karnataka’ and was appreciated by the famous writer Basavaraj Kattimani.

India is a country made up of many different Indias. A spiritual India made up of caste, creed, class, and colour, a sweaty India of Basavanna, Ambedkar, Lohia, Kuvempu, facing poverty, untouchability, and inequality. A woman's India is facing gender inequality, oppression, violence, and rape. There are many such visions of India. Among all these Indias, there is an India that is fading into oblivion today. That is the India of Gandhi. The foundation of Gandhian India, non-violence, truth, peace, and compassionate humanity, is essential for today's grave condition of India. Gandhiji's simple life and noble values ????proclaimed are also a mirage today. Therefore, Gandhiji's philosophies are inspiring and urgent for Indians today. Mahatma Gandhiji sowed the seeds of light in the Indian social psyche and improved the lives of the common people. Along with the principles of non-violence, truth, and peace that Gandhiji believed in and advocated, the principle of abolition of untouchability, and his stance against machine civilization, Gandhiji's actions, words, and life have all preached great humanism to the entire world.

The Government of India and the State Government of Karnataka, while maintaining unity in diversity, are working towards the all-round growth and development of the religious majority Hindu community, while working towards the prosperity of the religious minority Muslim, Christian, Buddhist, Jain, Sikh, and Parsi communities. As per the 2011 census, the Karnataka government has been formulating special schemes for the welfare of religious minority communities, which constitute 9600475 out of a total population of 61095297 in Karnataka, i.e. 15.92% of the total population, and has been allocating a specific amount of money in the budget of each financial year for their social, economic, political, cultural and educational advancement. This article has attempted to shed light on the financial resources allocated and spent by the Karnataka government for the educational activities of religious minority communities out of a total of Rs. 748338.30 crore in the 5 financial years from 2013-14 to 2017-18, namely Rs. 6050 crore, and on the educational performance of this community.

The path of devotion of Akka Mahadevi, who has expressed her innermost feelings in vachana literature, is not satisfied with the wealth of royal splendor or the allure of beauty and youth, but she offers all her innermost love to Channamallikarjuna. Her love transcended the desire to hold the hands of the husbands of this world and took the spiritual path of becoming the wife of Vishwavallabha.

The research article entitled A Study on Constitutional Measures for the Protection of Children's Rights is a study of who children are. How are children exploited in various fields, and what problems are they facing? The main objective of this article is to understand the measures taken by the Constitution of India to improve the protection of children and thereby to understand how they are protected.

The Constitution of India considers that among the most important and needy and exploited classes in the weaker sections, children are a special class and it aims to study such children and their rights.

Kannada literature, published in various forms, has continuously reflected the inner views and social attitudes of human society and is still moving in the direction of social upliftment. Kannada literature has poetically conveyed the inner and outer aspects of a complex society and has also suggested its solution. The Vachana literary genre, which came as a movement in Kannada literature, launched the reform work of providing equality to women under the divine guidance of Basavanna and became a spokesperson for women's empowerment in the mainstream of society, shining as a wise man in the male-dominated religious field. And it was possible to understand spiritual thoughts from the perspective of the community in a simple way. It was possible to attain the stage of self-elevation of finding simple life values.

Dalit literature was created to fight against humiliation, exploitation, despair, and disappointment. However, there is also a philosophy of life in this, too. If we look at this in the context of clan stories, they contain models of love for life. The aspiration of a clan story is to build a model of awareness for the respective community. Clan stories speak loudly against those who exploited them. Whatever the noble tradition rejects and pushes away, they become valid in clan stories. When a tradition is rejected because the lower castes are inferior in terms of food, the Dalit tradition validates it. While menstruation and women are all taboos in the upper class due to their modesty, the Dalit class does not seem to have accepted this idea as much.

Vachanasahitya has its own cultural heritage in Kannada literature. In the 12th century, when Marga Sahitya was the mainstay of the caste system due to social, political, economic and religious inequalities, the society that had Vachana literature as a form of indigenous literature was in a state of stagnation, the words that the Vachana writers expressed through their experiences as a hope for the liberation of the society. This emerged as a social movement. This movement started in Kalyana, the capital of Kalachuri, under the leadership of Basavanna, and the Vachana philosophy was born for social transformation with a view to the welfare of the individual and the overall well-being of the society. A new society was created with the principles of Kayaka and Dasoha. The words of the Sharanas born in such an era emerged as a new literary genre called Vachana Sahitya. Thousands of Vachanas were created during this period in a purely indigenous style, without any distinction of class, caste or gender.

Literature is said to be a reflection of people's lives. We can see that literature and society are closely related in Pandita Radhya's writings. Literature has to be seen as a part of society. How social thought comes into Pandita Radhya's literature will be discussed in detail, such as the cult of knowledge, the justice system of ancient kings, and the agricultural system of the Vedic period. The definition of man begins with social and political perspectives. Man is not an isolated entity. He cannot be separated from everything. If we classify man as something else, the environment is something else, history is something else, or the person is something else, his family is something else, as we have said. Life itself begins with humans. There is a system to their way of life. Ananthamurthy says that human consciousness is not independent of all techniques (Ananthamurthy.UR 1996 Why is naked service not possible? Page 26 Akshara Prakashan Sagar) In the scholarly tradition, society and the individual are not separate. We can see that in all his books. We see it in the books of Arivu, Sanskar, Nyaya Vidhana, autobiographies.

Urbanization and social transformation are interconnected forces shaping contemporary societies across the globe. Urbanization, understood as the expansion and concentration of human settlements into cities, brings with it both opportunities for development and challenges related to sustainability and equity. Simultaneously, social transformation involves evolving norms, values, institutions, and cultural practices that redefine community life. While rapid urban growth contributes to overcrowding, environmental degradation, and social disparities, it also generates spaces for innovation, cultural interaction, and economic vitality. Similarly, social change may disrupt traditional cohesion but can also empower communities, advance equality, and encourage inclusive governance. Addressing the dual challenges of urbanization and social transformation requires an integrated approach that combines sustainable urban planning, resource management, and social inclusion strategies. This paper examines these dynamics, highlights the risks and opportunities involved, and suggests pathways for creating more resilient and equitable urban societies.

A Dividend policy is the method by which a company structures its dividend payout to shareholders. In theory, some researchers argue that dividend policies are irrelevant because investors can sell a portion of their shares or portfolio if they need money. The dividend irrelevance theory holds that dividend payouts have little effect on a stock's price.

Regardless of whether the dividend policy is irrelevant, it is income for shareholders. Company executives are frequently the largest shareholders and stand to benefit the most from a generous dividend policy.

Most businesses consider dividend policies to be an essential component of their overall business strategy. Management must make decisions on dividend amount, timing, and a variety of other factors that affect dividend payments. Dividend policies are classified into three types: stable dividend policies, constant dividend policies, and residual dividend policies.

For a long time, corporate dividend policy has been a source of concern in financial literature. Lintner's (1956) classic work sparked the dividend debate. Despite extensive research, dividend remains a "puzzle with pieces that don't fit together" (Black, 1996). A substantial amount of research has been conducted on dividend policy, and various theories such as the theory of dividend irrelevance, signalling theory, agency cost theory, and bird in the hand theory have emerged to answer various dividend policy questions. With the publication of a seminal paper by Miller and Modigliani in 1961, the focus of research on corporate dividend policy shifted dramatically. They proposed the dividend irrelevance theory, contending that "... given a firm's investment policy, the dividend pay- out policy it chooses to follow will affect neither the current price of its shares nor the total returns to shareholders."

This paper evaluates major legislative and policy interventions aimed at promoting women's empowerment in India and assesses their role in social transformation. Focusing on key laws and programmes — the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act (2005), the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace Act (2013), Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (2015), the National Policy for Women (2016), gender-responsive budgeting, and the Women's Reservation legislation (2023) — the study uses a mixed-methods review of legislation, government documents, peer-reviewed studies and reports by international agencies. The analysis highlights that legislation has provided crucial normative and institutional frameworks that improve visibility of women’s rights and create entitlements, but persistent implementation gaps, socio-cultural barriers and uneven resource allocation limit transformative outcomes. The paper concludes with evidence-based recommendations to strengthen enforcement, expand economic opportunities, and promote gender-transformative social norms.

The entire world is facing one single question to be answered, “Who is responsible for all environmental issues occurring today.”  The answer is “WE – The Civilisation”.  Increasing awareness on the various environmental problems has led to a shift in the consumers perception of their life and world-wide evidences prove us that people have become more concerned about the environment and changing their behaviour accordingly which has made the entire world take up the policy of “go green”. Organisations and businesses have however seen this change in consumer attitudes and are trying to meet the market competition which has led to the sustainable growth of green marketing.

The current study will throw light on the concept of social media marketing and its uses in Green Marketing and looks into the various reasons for adopting it.  The paper also reviews various eco-friendly products in the market made available by the Indian Companies and attempts to analyse the challenges in green marketing. 

A significant and rapidly expanding agro-based sector identified in Karnataka is the sugar industry. We recognize that the consumption of sugar is rising daily, as is the market demand for it. This study seeks to examine the challenges and opportunities of the sugar industry in Karnataka, drawing primarily on information gathered from credible published and unpublished secondary sources. The results indicate that the sugar sector in Karnataka has been encountering several significant issues.

This article compares three major pension arrangements that shape retirement security for India’s government employees: the Old Pension Scheme (OPS), the market-linked National Pension System (NPS), and the recently notified Unified Pension Scheme (UPS) — an option introduced under the NPS architecture. The analysis examines legal design, benefit promises, contribution patterns, fiscal risks, administrative architecture, portability and choice, and distributional implications. Drawing on official notifications, regulatory descriptions, and policy documents, the paper evaluates whether UPS meaningfully reconciles the strengths of OPS and NPS and offers policy recommendations for moving toward a fiscally sustainable, equitable pension system.

A significant portion of the rural populace lacks any form of security or insurance program. Insurance serves as a business method for transferring risks and compensating for financial losses. To offer accidental insurance protection to everyone, particularly rural and unorganized workers, the Government of India introduced the insurance scheme called Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana (PMSBY) and Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyothi Bima Yojana (PMJJBY) with the slogan “Jan Dhan se Jan Suraksha.” The scheme's motto is to reach the uncovered, assist the unserved, and support the unblessed segment of society, ensuring that no Indian citizen will ever need to worry about accidents or disabilities. PMSBY resembles a health insurance service that provides accidental insurance coverage of Rs. 2 lakh with a nominal fee of Rs 12 yearly. This study seeks to succinctly evaluate the status of financial inclusion in India via insurance programs, specifically PMSBY.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Quantum Technology are two of the most disruptive innovations shaping the future of education and research. AI has already demonstrated significant contributions in adaptive learning, personalized assessment, automated grading, and predictive analytics, thereby enhancing both teaching and learning ecosystems. Quantum computing, on the other hand, introduces revolutionary possibilities by leveraging superposition and entanglement to solve large-scale optimization, simulation, and pattern-recognition problems that remain intractable for classical computers. This paper explores the integration of AI and quantum technologies in the context of educational research, highlighting their individual contributions, complementary strengths, and potential synergies.

The study reviews AI-driven advancements in teaching, learning, and personalized assessment, followed by an analysis of quantum technology’s emerging role in handling complex educational datasets and enabling secure data management. A particular focus is placed on hybrid frameworks that merge AI, quantum computing, and fuzzy logic to address uncertainty, improve efficiency, and scale educational research infrastructures. This study proposes that fuzzy-quantum-AI models can play a pivotal role in building the next generation of educational systems. The findings emphasize both opportunities and challenges, offering recommendations for researchers, educators, and policymakers to responsibly harness these technologies for inclusive, adaptive, and sustainable education.

The Role of women in education, political participation and in a society plays a larger role in the development of the society, state and the country, because without women’s progress in education and political participation, the development of a state and the society is a dream task for any state, most of the political developed nations give equal rights and status for women literacy, education and overall progress of the state. Serious efforts must be made by the government in collaboration with civil society wherein awareness must be created amongst the parents for promoting girls education. Use of media in the portraying a positive image of women, financial assistance to the poverty stricken families. Counselling of parents and children from unprivileged families. India is the largest country in terms of population, but India still far behind for achieving the sustainable future in women’s education. In India Still there is highest percentage of male literates compare to female literacy, due to cultural differences and political participation of more male politician’s compared to female politicians.  The research paper is to enrich the role of women’s education for the sustainable future in development of political development of the state and constraints for the development of the country.

This conceptual research paper explores the production, market potential, and challenges of cold-pressed oils in Karnataka, India. Cold-pressed oils—extracted mechanically without external heat or chemical solvents—retain more nutrients and demand a premium in health-conscious markets. The paper synthesizes literature, market data, and practical considerations to propose strategies for scaling production, ensuring quality and certification, and marketing to domestic and international consumers. Key recommendations include strengthening farmer-processor linkages, investing in decentralized processing units, obtaining geographic and organic certifications, and adopting digital marketing channels. Challenges identified are inconsistent raw material supply, higher production costs, quality control, and competition from refined oils and imports. The paper provides a SWOT analysis, suggested policy interventions, and a roadmap for stakeholders to enhance the competitiveness of Karnataka's cold-pressed oil sector.

India’s 73rd Constitutional Amendment launched a project of democratic deepening by devolving powers to elected village, block, and district councils. This paper argues that Panchayath Raj Institutions (PRIs) have made India not only the world’s largest grass-root democracy by scale but also an increasingly thick democracy by scope and inclusiveness. We develop a conceptual frame for “largest” that goes beyond sheer participation to include deliberation quality, inclusion by design, and accountability. We then review the evolution and architecture of PRIs, assess devolution of Functions, Funds, and Functionaries (3Fs), and synthesize multi-state evidence with a Karnataka focus. A theory-of-change links reservations, routine Gram Sabhas, leadership training, and social audits to outcomes such as agenda inclusion, responsiveness, and trust. We propose a practical monitoring framework with core indicators and show how fuzzy-logic based scoring can summarize granular citizen feedback under uncertainty, drawing on recent applications in public-facing evaluation [22]–[25]. Policy recommendations emphasize predictable Gram Sabha calendars, mentoring pipelines for reserved-seat representatives, time-bound audit follow-ups, and vernacular digital dashboards.

India holds the second position in the world of having highest population. Indian women generally faced all types of barriers to success like illiteracy, domestic violence, lack of motivation and support and many more. India is country where man dominance in the society Prevails. It is very essential for the harmonious development of the country that women should go hand by hand and shoulder to shoulder with men. And for empowering the women, higher education will play a vital role.

Higher Education is one of the most important means of empowering women with the knowledge, skills and self-confidence necessary to participate fully in the development process. Higher educational provide opportunities to women to fulfill their Needs. These needs comprise both essential learning tools (such as literacy, oral expression, numeracy and problem solving) and the basic learning content such as knowledge, skills, values and attitudes required by human beings to be able to survive, to develop their full capacities, to live and work in dignity, to participate fully in development, to improve the quality of their lives, to make informed decision making and to continue learning.

The use of AI in education has emerged as a major catalyst for change in recent years, reshaping how teaching and learning take place. As technology advances, schools and universities are steadily integrating AI tools to improve efficiency, accessibility, and personalized learning. This movement is fueled by the increasing awareness of AI’s ability to tackle persistent issues in conventional education systems while opening doors for innovation.

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In this study, the views of teachers from higher education institutions in Bangalore were collected, analyzed, and interpreted. Based on this analysis, conclusions were drawn to understand how effective artificial intelligence could be in teaching and learning from the teachers’ perspective.

The main purpose of the present study was to assess general intelligence and achievement motivation among degree college students in Karnataka. In Karnataka, undergraduate education refers to education pursued after secondary education and before postgraduate education, usually in a college or university. Undergraduate development encompasses academic growth in critical thinking and professional skills; personal growth in self-awareness, emotional intelligence, general intelligence, achievement motivation, and identity; as well as social development through leadership, teamwork, and communication skills.

The sample for the study consisted of 100 degree college students (50 male and 50 female) from different colleges affiliated with Kuvempu University, Shivamogga, Karnataka. The age range was 18–21 years. The General Intelligence Scale by Dr. K. S. Misra and Dr. S. K. Pal (2012) and the Achievement Motivation Scale by Bhargava (1994) were used to collect data. The data were analyzed using mean, SD, and t-test. Further,  Karl Pearson’s coefficient of correlationwasapplied.
The results of the study revealed that there is a significant difference between male and female students with respect to general intelligence, as well as achievement motivation. Furthermore, a significant relationship was found between general intelligence and achievement motivation among male and female degree college students.

Students who are first generation learners face several difficulties in pursuing and completing their basic courses. They each have their unique story about completing their university education. They have no role models within the family who can help them learn. The challenges faced by them range from psychological issues like anxiety, lack of confidence and insecurity, social issues such as not being accepted by their peers, and academic issues such as being comparatively slow or backward, requiring more tutoring and guidance to understand what is being taught. Many first-generation students’ dropout being unable to survive these insurmountable challenges. We need to understand what could be changed in order to help these group of students.

Women’s participation in labour market has drastically increased during the last two decades on a global level. The National Commission for Women estimates that 94 percent of the total female workforce is found in the unorganized sector. With the advent of industrialization, employment opportunities available to the women have assumed wider dimensions both in developed and developing countries. It has been increasingly realized that women along with men play a significant role in the context of prosperity of the country as well as for the purpose of raising standard of living. Women workers contribute significantly to national development by performing remunerated and unremunerated work. Women’s contribution to the economy by and large remains unrecognized. Yet, their services are valuable.

Bakha is a sweeper who strives to lead a better life. He has a sister named Sohini who is a tender and graceful girl. Pandith Kalinath asks her to sweep the courtyard of his house in the temple. Bakha travels to the city to clean the streets on behalf of his father, but touches a caste Hindu, leading to abuses, humiliation, and indignity. The novel suggests three solutions to untouchability: covert into Christianity, abolition of untouchability, and the introduction of a modern flush system. The novel takes place in Bulasha, a cantonment town in Punjab, and is based on the life of the untouchables and Bakha, the central figure in the novel. Anand's father was a Regimental Head Clerk in the Indian Army and his work reflects his knowledge of military life. The scenes and sights, customs and traditions, ideas and beliefs of Punjab form the background to the novel, and the exclamations, swear words, and abuses used in the novel are a rendering of military life and Punjabi life in general.

This concise study investigates the economic situation and, with a particular focus on Kaylan Karnataka, explores the influence of socio-economic factors on both industrial advancement and economic progress. The objective is to highlight the growth rate across various dimensions of the empirical findings in economic policy evaluation. The results suggest that aspects such as male and female education and income are particularly important. Additionally, they indicate that primary education is even more vital than might be inferred from its relatively low private return cost, due to the external benefits it generates. The government introduced a constitutional amendment bill, granting special status to six underdeveloped districts in the Kaylan-Karnataka area, which includes provisions for educational and job reservations for local residents. This study addresses the challenges related to growth imperatives in the Kaylan Karnataka region.

Merchant financier is alluded to as those monetary go-betweens or foundations that carry out the role of giving the assets to the borrowers. They get these assets from financial backers. These are SEBI enrolled organizations that offer more than adequate administrations like credit partnerships, portfolios for the board, corporate rebuilding, endorsing, project directing, monetary and executive consulting, and board administration. They give consultancy services to their clients, who work with financial specialists to begin another business, raise finance from the capital market, and furthermore help in the consolidation and securing businesses. This exploration paper endeavors to survey the ongoing situation of merchant banking in India, the job of shipper banking administrations being developed in the Indian capital market, late patterns and improvements, and future development possibilities and deterrents in the advancement of trader banking in India.

Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) have emerged as an approach to India's educational and skill development challenges. This research study focuses at PPP initiatives and issues related to India's education and skill development sectors. It emphasizes the advantages of PPPs, such as enhanced infrastructure, greater effectiveness, and easier to obtain education and skill development. The paper additionally looks at PPPs' issues such as regulatory frameworks, funding, and sustainability. The research highlights illumination on the possibilities for public-private partnerships to improve India's education and skill development context.

This article explores how V. S. Naipaul constructs India as an enduring “question” in his India trilogy: An Area of Darkness, India: A Wounded Civilization, and India: A Million Mutinies Now. It examines how Naipaul’s representations of India are shaped by the interrelated themes of crisis, continuity, and contradiction, and how these themes evolve across the three works. In An Area of Darkness, India is presented as a land of disillusionment, defined by poverty, superstition, and historical burden. India: A Wounded Civilization intensifies this critique, situating the nation in a cycle of cultural inertia and historical stagnation. In A Million Mutinies Now, he acknowledges a shifting landscape, where multiple voices and grassroots movements signal change, even as contradictions persist. The article argues that Naipaul’s diasporic position both an outsider shaped by colonial displacement and an insider connected through cultural inheritance enables his ambivalent but incisive engagement with India. Through a postcolonial lens, the study highlights how he interrogates identity, history, and modernity, ultimately presenting India as a space of unresolved tension: fractured yet resilient, wounded yet continually reinventing itself.

Social equity, as a foundational principle of democratic governance, refers to the fair and just distribution of resources, opportunities, and privileges across all sections of society. In Karnataka, a state marked by socio-economic diversity, efforts to achieve social equity have become central to inclusive governance and sustainable development. This paper examines the multifaceted dimensions of social equity in Karnataka, focusing on policy initiatives, institutional mechanisms, and community-led practices. It reviews academic and governmental literature, presents five real-world case studies, identifies structural and administrative challenges, and offers actionable solutions. Drawing from empirical and policy data, the paper highlights the importance of intersectionality—how caste, gender, income, geography, and disability interact to deepen inequities. Ultimately, this study offers a roadmap for building a more inclusive Karnataka, where social equity is embedded not only in law and policy but also in lived realities.

A number of different market types fall under the general phrase "monetary market," which is subject to change depending on the demands of lenders and borrowers. Monetary markets provide a way for protected, flexible, short-term speculations for those with reserves, such as banks, cash managers, and retail financial supporters. They also give borrowers, such as banks, mercantile vendors, flexible investments, and non-financial firms, the utilization of minimal expense reserves. In this paper, we will learn about ongoing patterns in the monetary market, which are low degree of loan costs, value arrangement, transmission, and so on.

Industrial estates offer a structured environment where small-scale industries, micro businesses, women-led enterprises, ancillary units, export-oriented entities, and small service providers can grow and thrive. This idea is beneficial not just for attaining industrial distribution, but also for underdeveloped regions, countryside areas, and the dispersal of industries in semi-urban locations. It should be acknowledged that industrial estates significantly contribute to attaining swift regional equity and social advancement, especially in developing nations such as India. Thus, this chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the origins of industrial estates, the concept of industrial estates, and the roles of entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship. In India, built factory spaces are offered in the early phases of the program within Industrial Estates. As a result, the availability of developed plots has become standard, while constructed sheds persistently support less developed regions, rural zones, backward areas, and specific beneficiary groups such as SCs, STs, women, disabled individuals, NRIs, and those under the Defiance Quota. The primary aim of the Industrial Estate Programme is to promote swift industrialization in rural and underdeveloped regions through the establishment of small-scale industries within Industrial Estates.

In India, the digital economy has become a disruptive force that is changing social inclusion, governance, and business models. India’s digital sector is strategically important to the country’s development agenda, contributing 11.74% of the country’s GDP in 2022–2023 and growing almost twice as fast as the overall economy. Widespread smartphone adoption, a strong digital infrastructure, and legislative initiatives like Digital India, the Unified Payments Interface (UPI), and the Open Network for Digital Commerce (ONDC) are driving this growth. An ecosystem that supports innovation, start-ups, and inclusive financial services has been established by these initiatives taken together.

This study examines the development of the digital economy in India, examining its sectoral integration, structural elements, and effects on productivity and employment. It looks at how FinTech, start-ups, and digital platforms can spur innovation and improve productivity in vital industries like banking, agriculture, logistics, and education. The article critically evaluates the body of literature while pointing out gaps that need policy attention, drawing on both domestic and foreign research.

The methodology is based on qualitative analysis of secondary data from academic publications, international organizations, and government reports. Important conclusions imply that although India has made impressive strides in digital adoption and penetration, major obstacles still exist in closing the gap between rural and urban areas, improving cyber security, and guaranteeing fair access to digital opportunities.

E-banking has really changed banking worldwide, making things easier and more accessible for customers. But we still need to understand how much people in rural areas are using e-banking, and what affects their choices. That's especially true in places like rural Bangalore in Karnataka. This paper looks closely at how people in rural Bangalore, Karnataka, use e-banking. We used a mix of surveys and interviews. The study aims to find out what people think about e-banking, what they prefer, and how they use it. This will help us see the specific problems and possibilities for e-banking in rural areas. The results can help banks, government, and others improve e-banking and help more people in rural communities get access to financial services.

India is undergoing a rapid, technology-driven economic transition, uniquely catalyzed by the India Stack and massive digital public infrastructure (DPI). This article analyzes the specific impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) on this digital economy, moving beyond global narratives to examine indigenous structural effects across productivity, market concentration, and social inclusion. We utilize a Task-Based Model contextualized to India's labor market, finding that AI application is shifting from simple substitution in the Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) sector to advanced augmentation in core sectors like FinTech, HealthTech, and e-Commerce. The AI adoption premium is accelerating Total Factor Productivity (TFP), particularly in firms that leverage vernacular data and cloud infrastructure. Structurally, while AI promises to democratize access (e.g., credit for the unbanked via alternative data scoring), it risks exacerbating the digital skill premium and creating new forms of data concentration linked to DPI. Governance challenges center on ensuring data localization, building vernacular AI capacity to serve the next 500 million users, and establishing ethical guidelines to manage algorithmic bias in a diverse social fabric. We conclude that AI is essential for achieving India's

trillion economy goal, provided policy interventions proactively manage inclusion and prevent the deepening of the urban-rural and digital skill divides.

In the contemporary world, environmental degradation and the depletion of fossil fuels have become critical issues of concern for policymakers, researchers, and the general public. The dependency on fossil fuel-based vehicles not only accelerates climate change but also leads to serious urban challenges such as traffic congestion, noise pollution, and deteriorating air quality. Electric vehicles (EVs) have surfaced as a viable and sustainable solution to these issues. The objective of the studies is to assess the level of awareness about the e-bikes, and to understand consumer perception regarding performance, cost, and benefits of electric bikes. The primary data collected from the 50 respondents of Sira Taluk. Majority of respondents have heard about electric bikes and indicated that subsidies or price discounts would be the strongest motivation to switch to an electric bike, highlighting the importance of financial incentives. The study suggests that Improve communication about available subsidies and financial incentives to make potential buyers aware of the cost benefits, which are a major motivating factor. Overall, the findings suggest that electric bikes have significant potential to become a preferred mode of transport if efforts are made to enhance public awareness, expand subsidy programs, strengthen after-sales service networks, and address concerns about resale value.

Inclusion education in India is situated within constitutional guarantees and international commitments, including UNCRPD and SDG 4, but practice is still grounded within entrenched social and regional divides. While the Right to Education Act (2009), the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA), the Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA), and the National Education Policy (2020) signal policy commitment to include education, significant inequities in access, participation, and outcomes remain. This systematic review aimed to critically interrogate the trajectory towards inclusive education in India (Bharat) including how policy frameworks (or lack thereof) continue to engage— or not, issues related to caste, gender, disability, economic class, and regional inequities. Using PRISMA guidelines, searches were conducted across international databases (Scopus, Web of Science, ERIC, JSTOR), Indian academic journals, Shodhganga, and government and policy sources. Keywords included “Inclusive Education,” “Policy Frameworks,” “India,” “Bharat,” and “Social Divide” and “Regional Divide” were included. The systematic search yielded studies published between 2010 and the present in English or Hindi. The studies included in the review excluded theoretical only sources that did not analyse a specific policy intervention; studies not published in India were excluded. In total, seventy studies and policy documents were included in the review. Findings indicate policy intentions remain strong, however, there continues to be distal gaps between policy design and implementation.. Social issues of caste discrimination, gender imbalances in secondary education and poor inclusion of disability were common themes, and there were clear regional divides between southern states with good resources, and central and northeastern states with much fewer resources. There were also implementation challenges, including insufficient financing, lack of training for teachers, and inadequate monitoring. The review concludes that the process of implementing an inclusive education system in India is well aligned with global norms, but operational reality is difficult. Implications for policymakers include the need for financing and monitoring with an equity lens, improved teacher preparation and teaching strategies for educators, and intersectional and longitudinal research for researchers. It will be important to improve policy coherence and community-based practice to realize the ideal of equitable inclusive education for all learners in Bharat.

The present assesses the risk return linkage of Indian equity markets, S&P BSE Sensex and C&X Nifty, for the interval 2013-2014 covering 2022-2023. It utilizes the return variables like annual average return, highest return and minimum gain. It also uses dispersion, spread of returns and relative variability as the yardsticks of volatility indicators. The outcomes show that in genera basis both the indices showed similar trends except in the year 2018-2019 in which C&X Nifty surpassed. The study also uncovers that Indian equity markets produced losses in the year 2013-2014 and sharply increased in the subsequent year. The markets however again fell in the subsequent year and stayed consistent over the next years. Statistical variance test demonstrated that the relationship between the returns of the indices was strong and noteworthy. adjusted performance measure of both the indices, as measured by coefficient of variation revealed that the markets delivered more than one mean return relative to of standard deviation in four years out of ten in case of each index.

Dropping out of school is not just an educational statistic it is a social signal of inequality, poverty, and lost opportunity. This paper examines dropout rates in Karnataka’s government primary schools through the lens of sociology, using only secondary data sources such as UDISE+, ASER, government reports, and peer-reviewed studies. While Karnataka has made steady progress in expanding access to primary education, the state still struggles with keeping children in school, especially among poor households, migrant families, and marginalized communities.

The study identifies multiple, interconnected causes behind dropout: household poverty that pushes children into labour, seasonal migration disrupting school continuity, gender and caste-based inequalities, and institutional gaps like teacher shortages and weak remedial support. These findings are interpreted using sociological frameworks such as Bourdieu’s cultural capital, theories of social exclusion, and functionalist perspectives on education.

The analysis shows that dropout cannot be reduced by educational policies alone; it requires multi-sectoral action linking education, labour, health, and social protection. Policy suggestions include expanding conditional cash transfers, improving early-grade learning, strengthening mid-day meals, recruiting more teachers and school counsellors, and designing migration-sensitive schooling models. Above all, building stronger community participation and robust tracking systems for out-of-school children is essential.

The paper concludes that addressing dropout in Karnataka is not merely about retaining children in classrooms but about creating a more just and inclusive society where education is a lived right rather than a fragile opportunity.

This study explores the distinctive profiles of sprint, middle-distance, and long-distance runners by comparing their motor fitness, morphological characteristics, physical attributes, and physiological parameters. Understanding these differences is crucial for optimizing training regimens, injury prevention, and athletic performance across disciplines. The research employs a comparative methodology involving athletes from each category, assessing variables such as speed, strength, endurance, flexibility, body composition, and aerobic and anaerobic capacity. The findings reveal significant variations in motor and physiological characteristics aligned with the specific demands of each running specialization. Sprinters exhibit superior explosive power and muscle mass, middle-distance runners show balanced physiological and morphological traits, and long-distance runners demonstrate higher aerobic capacity and muscular endurance. This study emphasizes the importance of tailored training approaches to accommodate the distinct requirements of each running category and offers recommendations for coaches, sports scientists, and athletes.

The implementation of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) in India on July 1, 2017, marked a transformative shift in the country's indirect tax system, aiming to simplify tax compliance and create a unified market. This study evaluates the impact of GST on the performance, growth, compliance, and competitiveness of MSMEs in Bangalore, a key economic hub. The research employs a mixed-method approach, incorporating both primary data from 10 MSMEs and secondary data from industry reports and academic studies. Findings indicate that 80% of MSMEs in Bangalore are registered under GST, yet compliance remains a significant challenge, with 70% perceiving high filing complexity and 60% reporting high compliance costs. While 50% of MSMEs acknowledged improved tax transparency, concerns over cash flow management (30% worsened) and profitability (25% declined) persist. Statistical testing, including the Chi-Square Test for Independence, revealed no significant relationship between GST awareness and MSME registration status (χ² = 1.875, p = 0.392), suggesting that factors beyond awareness, such as financial constraints and administrative burden, influence compliance. The study highlights that while GST has streamlined taxation and reduced inter-state trade barriers, MSMEs continue to face operational and financial challenges.  

The social fabric of cities in India is being transformed by urbanization, leading to changes in community structures and identities. This paper investigates the challenges and opportunities that urbanization presents concerning community dynamics, social cohesion, and identity formation. The study investigates the effects of urbanization on social identities, including caste, religion, class, and gender. It explores how migration, mobility, and cultural diversity shape individuals' self-perceptions and relationships with others in urban settings. As communities grow more diverse and transient, challenges arising from urbanization encompass social fragmentation, inequality, and marginalization. This research examines the difficulties and prospects associated with urbanization and social change, two interconnected phenomena that have a major effect on societies across the globe. Urbanization denotes the aggregation of population and the conversion of rural regions into urban centers, whereas social change involves alterations in societal frameworks, norms, values, and behaviors across time. Overcrowding, insufficient infrastructure, social inequality, and environmental degradation are among the challenges posed by urbanization. The swift expansion of urban areas puts pressure on current resources and infrastructure, resulting in subpar living conditions and social inequalities. Furthermore, urban growth frequently leads to the loss of natural habitats and heightened pollution, creating environmental issues. Nonetheless, urbanization provides prospects for economic development, cultural diversity, enhanced service access, and sustainability. Urban areas serve as economic centers, drawing in investments, enterprises, and employment opportunities. They encourage social interaction and cultural exchange, fostering understanding and tolerance. Moreover, urbanization can promote sustainability by means of efficient infrastructure, renewable energy sources, and eco-friendly practices. Challenges arise from social change, including social fragmentation, resistance to change, cultural erosion, and mental health issues. As traditional social structures and norms shift, tension may arise and social cohesion may break down. Social change, however, also paves the way for progress, equality, empowerment, and cultural exchange. It enables people to champion transformation and promotes reciprocal comprehension among various communities. To tackle these challenges and make the most of opportunities, it is essential to engage in effective urban planning, manage resources sustainably, ensure social inclusion, and achieve a balance between tradition and progress. It requires education, awareness, conversation, and support for mental health. Societies can work towards becoming inclusive, resilient, and thriving communities by comprehending the complexities of urbanization and social change.

According to Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam, empowering women is a crucial step towards building a stable and prosperous society. In developing economies, empowering rural women, especially those belonging to marginalized communities, is a critical component of economic development. Self help groups play a vital role in empowering rural women, empowering them to become economically, socially, and politically sovereign. This research paper examines the impact of SHGs on women enablement, including the reasons for connecting, operating, representing and also challenges faced by members of these groups. Using published data, the study shows SHGs throw a constructive influence upon the economic empowerment of the members, through building their self-confidence, improving skills, and increasing socio-economic position. The primary reasons for joining SHGs were to meet household expenses, gain access to loans, increase family income, and improve the standard of living and social status. To overcome the problems faced by SHGs, it is essential to undertake effective measures to make them self-reliant. Here the research paper emphasizes the vital impact of SHGs in encouraging economic development and social empowerment of Women.

Digital India, launched in 2015, aimed to improve online infrastructure and increase internet payments connectivity with the ultimate goal of making the country digitally empowered. One of its pillars facilitating a cashless economy has gained momentum with the smartphones, mobile banking, and digital wallets. UPI. But many small and medium retailers in cities like Sira are hesitant or inconsistent in their use of such systems. Some retailers have embraced digital payments enthusiastically, while others continue to rely heavily on cash due to concerns related to security, lack of technical know-how, poor internet infrastructure, transaction charges, and resistance to change. There is a clear need to understand why this gap exists, what influences the perception of retailers, and what challenges they have to  face in adopting digital payments. By addressing these barriers, the research contributes to broader digital inclusion. Ultimately, it supports the goal of equitable digital transformation across all levels of society. The findings from this study can serve as a valuable reference for stakeholders who aim to accelerate digital transformation in commerce.

Soft set theory is an important mathematical tool to deal with uncertainty and has intensive applications in the field of game theory, smoothness of functions, theory of measurement etc.  In the present paper We gave some characterization of uni-soft Γ-semigroup, uni-soft Γ-left and right Γ-ideal and uni-soft quasi Γ-ideal of a soft Γ-semigroup. Using the notion of uni-soft quasi-Γ-ideal we have also discussed the characterization of a regular Γ-semigroup.

The band gap energy and density of the sample were found by analytical method. The density was found to increase up to 7 mol% depicts the compactness of the sample and then decreases with gadolinium content. Molar volume (Vm), Gd3+ ion concentration (N), refractive index (n), electronic Polarizability (αe ), reflection loss (RL ), polaron radius(rp ), internuclear distance (ri ), field strength (F) and dielectric constant(?) of the sample were calculated.

The interplay between India's digital governance revolution within Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) and the evolving kinship roles of women elected as representatives is a crucial topic to understand. This paper analyzes how increased access to information and communication technologies (ICTs), e-governance portals, and digital literacy interacts with entrenched kinship structures such as family, lineage, and marital networks and gendered expectations in rural India. Synthesizing literature on women’s leadership in PRIs, digital inclusion, and kinship anthropology, the review identifies nuanced shifts in women's intra-household authority, decision-making power, and relationships with male kin. The findings reveal a dual reality: while digital governance presents significant opportunities for women's agency and can reduce dependency on male intermediaries, the transformation of deep-seated kinship roles is highly uneven. Often, women's formal public roles expand, but their underlying kinship obligations and the pervasive influence of patriarchal control persist, constrained by the gendered digital divide and domestic burdens. The review underscores a critical gap in empirical research explicitly connecting digital governance to kinship dynamics. It concludes by proposing a focused research agenda that integrates the study of ICT adoption, changing kinship norms, and grassroots governance to better understand and foster meaningful socio-political empowerment for women in rural India.