An attempt has been made to construct and standardize the Academic self-efficacy scale for adolescent students. A well structured scale was administered among them. The sample consists of 100 senior secondary school students randomly selected from senior secondary English medium schools situated in district Rewari, Haryana. Initially it was constructed with 57 statements covering five areas related to academic self-efficacy of school students. The scale was standardized using ‘t’ test and finally 36 statements were retained for the final study. The present research discusses about the development of the scale to measure the level academic self-efficacy in senior secondary school students. The Scale consisted of 36 items representing distinctive academic behaviors on which subjects are supposed to rate their degree of confidence on five dimensions i.e. (A) Items pertaining to Self-efficacy in enlisting social resources, (B) Items pertaining to Self-efficacy in self-regulated learning (C) Items pertaining to Self-efficacy in class participation. (D) Items pertaining to Self-efficacy in time-management. (E) Items pertaining to Self-efficacy in study and examination. A five-point Likert-type scale measures responses ranging from ‘extremely confident’ to ‘extremely not confident’. Higher scores indicate higher Academic Self-efficacy.  The validity of the scale was content validity and reliability ranges from 0.82 to 0.93

Since their founding in 1975, Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) have been instrumental in promoting financial inclusion in rural areas since their establishment in 1975. Over the period, many RRBs faced the problems of low profitability, a high percentage of non-performing assets (NPAs), and excessive reliance on government assistance. The Government of India started a phased amalgamation program from 2005 to 2024 to improve their operational and financial performance. This initiative resulted in a considerable expansion of their branch network and a reduction in the number of RRBs from 196 to 28. This study examines the effects of amalgamation on the financial performance, operational effectiveness, and asset quality of RRBs. Secondary data from published reports of NABARD, RBI, annual statements of RRBs are used for data analysis. The study applies descriptive statistics, CAGR, correlation analysis, and trend analysis for data interpretation.

The findings reveal that amalgamation has strengthened the capital structure of RRBs, leading to substantial growth in deposits (CAGR 9%), gross loans and advances (CAGR 11%), investments (CAGR 7%), and reserves (CAGR 13%). Profitability improved significantly, with profit-making RRBs increasing from 26 in 2019–20 to 40 in 2023–24. NPAs declined steadily during study period. Correlation analysis indicates strong linkages between branch expansion and deposit mobilization (0.99), and between deposits and credit growth (0.98). Amalgamation also enhanced operational productivity by reducing cost of funds and improving net interest margins. The study concludes that amalgamation has led to stronger, more independent, and technologically efficient RRBs with enhanced outreach and financial sustainability in rural areas.

Explorers are worldwide exploring modern technology to address the issue of stable solid waste generation in the municipal sector, which has increased significantly due to urbanisation and rapid population growth. Artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms were increasingly used to sell sustainable environmental improvement. This paper reviews and analyses the relevance of AI procedures in solid waste control, together with the benefits and drawbacks of various AI models and tools. The use of AI throughout the entire solid waste management system, from solid waste creation through the series, transportation, and final disposal, is also included in this article. By improving forecasting, series, sorting, and recycling, quick AI makes solid waste management more intelligent, environmentally friendly, and sustainable. It is an essential tool for achieving sustainable improvement goals related to environmental preservation and clean cities. Every step of solid waste management (series → sorting → recycling → disposal) is impacted by AI, which would improve the technique's visual clarity. The non-unusual AI algorithms used for SWM are also covered in the paper, along with their benefits and drawbacks. However, the lack of reliable data and a clear benchmark to evaluate the efficacy of recognised approaches limits the advancement of AI techniques in this field. The analysis also discusses the drawbacks and recommendations for future developments in AI tactics for SWM, offering both theoretical and practical direction for further research. The article also lists the regulatory frameworks associated with those technologies and explores possible suggested solutions. This overview's main objective is to provide advice to SWM explorers who are interested in using this technology in their field. It also seeks to improve the continuing verbal discussion about sustainable solid waste management by providing insights into present practices and emerging trends.

The preservation of indigenous knowledge and safeguarding it for the sustainable development,   the traditional local knowledge and the practices of the indigenous local communities are highly important. The knowledge which is orally transmitted across the generations is deeply rooted in the cultural, spiritual and social values of the indigenous communities. It is intrinsically linked to their land, resources and livelihoods, playing a crucial role in the environmental conservation, sustainable resource management and the integrity of the community.

Sustainable development is guaranteed by the invaluable insights and approaches of the native communities which can enhance the modern scientific knowledge. Ancient knowledge system   embodies the time-tested strategies for adapting to the environmental changes, managing biodiversity and utilizing the natural resources sustainably. Integrating indigenous communities into sustainable development initiatives can result in more culturally appropriate, environmentally sound and socially equitable outcomes.

But incidentally they are facing increasing threats due to the factors of globalization, modernization, climate change and land deprivation. The loss of the ancient and primitive knowledge not only erodes the cultural heritage and social cohesion but also diminishes the potential for innovative and sustainable solutions to the contemporary challenges.

Therefore, the preservation and revitalization of the most original knowledge systems are critical for achieving sustainable development goal which requires multi-faceted approaches. This paper discusses about the need and the steps required for the preservation of the Indian knowledge systems so that the goals of sustainable development are achieved.

The present study investigated the level of technology integration in English language teaching among Urdu medium secondary school teachers and examined its influence on students’ academic achievement. The study was conducted among English language teachers and students of Urdu medium secondary schools in Hyderabad. A total of 40 teachers and 400 Standard IX students were selected through random sampling, maintaining a 1:10 teacher–student ratio. A self-developed Scale of Technology Integration in English Language Teaching was used to measure teachers’ level of technology integration. The scale consisted of 26 items across three domains: attitude towards technology use in English teaching, attitude towards technology in language assessment, and perceived barriers and support needs. The instrument demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = .80). Students’ achievement was measured using their English language assessment scores. Data were analyzed using mean, standard deviation, and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).

The findings revealed a significant difference in the level of achievement among students taught by teachers with different levels of technology integration. The results indicate that higher levels of technology integration positively influence students’ academic achievement in English language. However, the study also highlights that effective and consistent integration of technology remains limited in many classrooms. The findings underscore the importance of promoting systematic and pedagogically sound technology integration in Urdu medium secondary schools to enhance English language learning outcomes.

Colonialism institutionalized global migration and compelled a large number of Nepali men to migrate, particularly to India, in search of livelihoods and military or civil employment. During the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, large-scale migration led to substantial human casualties, a persistent manpower deficit, and transformations in family structures in Nepal. Male outmigration reconfigured household structures, intensified women’s labour burdens, and heightened emotional vulnerability. The feminization of rural demography altered community power dynamics and generated social and psychological anxiety among family members back at home. This article aimed to uncover the complex relationship between colonial migration and the enduring problems faced by women in Nepal.

Persons with intellectual disability is one of the most vulnerable categories of disability, listed under Right to Persons with Disability Act 2016 (RPWD Act 2016). Medical science does not recommend any cure to this condition, however through early intervention, and various rehabilitation services there are many success stories wherein many persons with Intellectual Disability are living an independent life.  While ID is often a lifelong condition with no single "cure" for cognitive deficits, curative efforts target specific treatable causes and co-occurring conditions. Every individual with ID has ability to perform and this paper focuses on managing disability and  promoting ability. The current study reflects on various curative concepts of rehabilitation such as social inclusion, self determination, life satisfaction, self esteem, vocational training, skill development, self regulation, self advocacy, self regulation, choice making, decision making and problem solving skills propounded by academicians/professionals of the field.  The author intent to bring forward that every child born has been bestowed with certain special abilities by God. Hence this population has been termed as “Divyangjan” i.,e persons with special abilities.

The Myanmar (Burmese) ethical ideal of the “Five Benefactors” the Buddha, the Dhamma (Teaching), the Sangha (Monastic Community), Parents, and Teachers has been imagined, materialized, and sustained through Buddhist art from the Pagan/Bagan era (11th–13th centuries) to the present. While Burmese Buddhist devotion is often described through the triad of the Triple Gem (Buddha, Dhamma, Sangha), the expanded constellation that includes Parents and Teachers anchors religious aspiration to everyday relational ethics and social reproduction. I argue that Myanmar Buddhist art across architecture, sculpture, mural painting, manuscripts, ritual objects, and epigraphy functions as a visual pedagogy that renders gratitude (katann?), reciprocity (patiññ?), and merit-making (d?na) not only intelligible but habitual. Through close reading of representative works and settings, Bagan murals and donor portraits, Shwedagon’s layered iconography, Kuthodaw’s “stone Tipi?aka,” parabaik (folding manuscripts), and modern votive objects, the article shows how the Five Benefactors operate as an aesthetic grammar: they order space, cue ritual behaviors, and align lay household virtues with monastic ideals. This grammar connects big efforts like monarchy, communal patronage, and nation-building to small acts of giving and learning. 

The rapid proliferation of Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) has catalyzed a paradigm shift in higher education, challenging traditional notions of pedagogical delivery and academic assessment. This research investigates the dual-faceted impact of Large Language Models (LLMs) on undergraduate students' cognitive development and the concomitant threats to academic integrity. Employing a convergent parallel mixed-methods research design, the study synthesized quantitative data from a stratified sample of 1,200 students with qualitative insights derived from semi-structured interviews with 45 senior faculty members across diverse disciplines.

The findings reveal a statistically significant "Performance-Competence Gap": while students utilizing GenAI reported a marginal increase in GPA (+0.2), their performance in invigilated, AI-free examinations demonstrated a marked decline ($r = -0.58$), suggesting a high degree of "cognitive offloading" and erosion of critical synthesis skills. Furthermore, the study identifies a "Detection Gap": 68% of AI-assisted submissions bypassed standard plagiarism-detection protocols, rendering traditional integrity frameworks obsolete. Qualitative thematic analysis highlights an emerging educator burnout and a "homogenization of thought" in student prose.

The study concludes by proposing the "Hybrid Intelligence Model" and the "AI-Translucency Framework," advocating process-oriented assessment over product-based grading. These results provide a critical roadmap for policymakers to integrate AI-literacy as a core competency, ensuring that the advancement of algorithmic synthesis does not come at the expense of human cognitive rigor.

In 2023 it becomes the headlines in almost all the leading newspapers in India that  stones are being  pelted  on Vande-Bharat Express by some extremists  and  a few years before that protestors even set  the  train coaches on fire and thus the railway  platforms were massacred  in Bengal in 2019  to the extent that regular rail operations were suspended until the system was returned to a state of normalcy and the agitation caused over the issue of  CAA and NRC was brought under control. Over a period of time the issues like minority rights, communalism have proved to be a bone of contention for the nation and the choice to protest against the government  by the rebel troops on the sensitive issues has often taken the form of violence and intimidation. The disruption of rail operations needs to be viewed and analysed from this political perspective and this practise is not uncommon in the history of freedom struggle of India where the role of trains, since the days of partition and even before it, has become controversial on a point that railway serves to play the agent of British Raj at one hand, on the other it plays the role of a saviour of humanity during the days of partition. It plays the role of a government agent of migration to execute the order of partition and to do that it invokes the wrath of agitators to the level that it becomes the symbol of violence and even the companion of death that this paper is going to explore.  Drawing upon the accounts from Train to Pakistan, an English fiction by Khushwant Singh and Train to India, a memoir by Maloy Krishna Dhar, this paper examines how trains became emblematic of the horrors of partition, as well as the challenges and opportunities they presented in the post-partition period.

The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 envisions a radical transformation of the Indian education system, placing the "teacher" at the heart of this reform. To fulfill this vision, B.Ed. trainees must transcend traditional pedagogical boundaries to become community leaders and socially intelligent practitioners.

This paper explores the critical role of teacher educators in fostering leadership and social intelligence (SI) among pre-service teachers. It argues that teacher educators are not merely deliverers of curriculum but architects of professional identity. By integrating socio-emotional learning (SEL) and leadership training into the four-year Integrated Teacher Education Programme (ITEP), educators can prepare trainees for the complexities of 21st-century classrooms.

The paper discusses the need for these competencies, the specific roles of educators, the challenges within the Indian bureaucratic and social framework, and actionable development strategies aligned with NEP 2020.1. Introduction: The Paradigm Shift in Indian Teacher Education.

The present study was undertaken to find out relationship of autonomy and well-being of secondary school students. The sample consists of 999 secondary school students (495 urban and 504 rural students) from various schools of two districts of Punjab (Ludhiana and Moga). Autonomy was assessed with the help of Adolescent Autonomy Inventory (AAI) by Kumar, and Malik, 2015 and well-being was assessed with the help of Personal wellbeing scale developed by Sujatha and Taj (2019). The results revealed that there exists a significant and positive correlation between well-being and autonomy (high level) among students  of both urban and rural secondary schools.

Delhi’s air-quality crisis is episodic yet persistent, with severe winter time peaks that local mitigation measures alone have failed to eliminate. This paper synthesizes the latest secondary evidence (AQI , satellite fire records, institutional directions, and policy reports) to examine how emissions from neighbouring states—mainly agricultural residue burning, industrial clusters, and thermal power plants—contribute to Delhi’s particulate burden. Using an airshed and cooperative-federalism lens, the study compares seasonal trends, summarizes recent government steps, and highlights governance gaps that limit coordinated action. The paper concludes with pragmatic, regionally scoped policy recommendations (monitoring integration, fuel-switch incentives, and time-bound inter-state plans) that respond to both meteorological drivers and institutional constraints.

INTRODUCTION: Motivation is an internal force that drives us to do something or drives us to do something or any type of act and not stay you calm until the goal you pursue. Its two types Intrinsic motivation (personal interest) and Extrinsic motivation (grades and rewards etc). Psychological Stress is a natural activity from internal and external stressors that can affect people physically and emotionally. Objective of the study is to find out the student’s overall motivation and stress level for academic achievement and to find out the relationship between motivation and stress on academic achievement of higher secondary student.  Researcher select 30 sample of H.S student from Mundumary high school. and I use random sampling for data collection. And tool use perceived stress scale and academic motivation scale. From the study Researcher find that from 30 student 40% student have high motivation (90% intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and 10% amotivation). 40% student have medium motivation (extrinsic and intrinsic both). And 20% student have amotivation. From 30 student, I found that they have medium stress 15 to 26. Researcher say that when the student has medium stress, they highly motivated for their academic achievement. And when they have much stress, they feal some problem. For this student should medium stress for their high motivation and high academic achievement.