An International Peer Reviewed

Scholarly Research Journal for Humanity Sciences & English Language

Apr - May, 2015, Vol-2/9

Impact Factor: SJIF 3.189

ISSN: 2348-3083

Date: 2015-06-04

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TWO HEADS ARE BETTER THAN ONE

Ms. Sunanda Roy & Lalita R. Vartak

Issue: Apr-May, 2015 | Volume/Issue:2/9 | Page No.: 2155 - 2164

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Cooperative Learning is a very formal way of structuring activities in a learning environment that includes specific elements intended to increase the potential for rich and deep learning by the participants. ‘Pair work’ is a classroom activity in which the whole class is divided into pairs. It is really a type of group work, using \'groups\' of two. Because the point of pair work is to get students speaking and listening, the content of a pair work session should be mainly oral. The paper discusses the historical background of pair work. It presents a list of different Cooperative Learning Techniques using pairs along with a detailed description of the teachers and students activities for each technique. Although there are many advantages of using pair work in classrooms, it also has a few limitations. The paper attempts to help teachers overcome these limitations. Keywords: Cooperative learning teaching techniques, Pair Work

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MOTHER TONGUE INFLUENCE ON ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNING

Sudesh Sharma

Issue: Apr-May, 2015 | Volume/Issue:2/9 | Page No.: 2165 - 2169

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Language is a method of communicating ideas, emotions and desires by means of a system of arbitrarily produced symbols for physiological as well as psychological survival. In a multilingual Indian Society, where English acts as a second language, our aim of teaching English is not to develop British or American accent but to help the learners to overcome regional accents, wrong pronunciation and gradually train them in proper articulation. The aim of this article is to discuss the mother tongue influence in the process of English Language learning and how a teacher can help to overcome some of the problem encountered by an Indian learner of English as well as to improve his/her communicative competence.

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IMPLEMENTATION OF MID- DAY MEAL PROGRAMME IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS OF ODISHA – AN OVERVIEW

Achyuta Nanda Sahu & Bimal Charan Swain

Issue: Apr-May, 2015 | Volume/Issue:2/9 | Page No.: 2170 - 2182

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The National Programme of Nutritional Support, popularly known as Mid-day Meal programme is the

largest social welfare programme in India. It involves provision of free lunch, free of cost to school going

children on all working days. Presently in India, 12 crores of students of 12 lakh schools are getting benefit

under this programme. In Odisha, the Mid-day Meal programme was introduced on 1st July, 1995 in primary

schools. The programme is running in more than sixty thousand primary schools and near about sixty lakh

students are getting benefit out of this programme. The programme is managed by Department of School and

Mass Education, Govt. of Odisha. Government of Odisha has made systematic departmental arrangement at

each level for the smooth functioning of the programme. Steering-cum-monitoring committee in block, district

and state level have been formed to monitor the programme. For the enrichment of Mid-day Meal programme,

different innovative practices are going on in the state. The slogan of Mid-day Meal programme in Odisha is

taken as “Nutrition for Education”.

Key Words: Mid-day Meal Programme, Primary School

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IMPACT OF INTEGRATED CHILD DEVELOPMENT SERVICES (ICDS) ON LANGUAGE AND COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT OF TRIBAL PRE-SCHOOL CHILDREN

Binod Bihari Das &Surekha Sundari Swain

Issue: Apr-May, 2015 | Volume/Issue:2/9 | Page No.: 2183 - 2191

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The present investigation aims at studying the impact of Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) on language and cognitive development of tribal Pre-school children. The sample of the study comprised of 600 children within 3-6 years age group, out of which 300 were attending Anganwadi / ICDS centres and another 300 were not attending such centres in tribal areas. The sample was selected randomly from ten blocks of Sundergarh District of Odisha. Tools such as Raven’s Coloured Progressive Matrices (RCPM) 1962; Socio-Economic Status Scale by Srivastava, (1978); Developmental Checklist by Bluma et al. (1976) (Indian adaptation by Kohli (1987) and Activity Chart developed by the investigator were used for collection of data. The major findings of the study were: (i) ICDS programme had significant effect on language development of tribal pre-school children (ii) ICDS programme had significant effect on cognitive development of tribal pre-school children. Key Words: ICDS, Language Development, Cognitive Development, Pre-school Children

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LIFE INSIDE THE ZENANI DEORHI OF RAJPUTS DURING THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD

Swati Detha

Issue: Apr-May, 2015 | Volume/Issue:2/9 | Page No.: 2192 - 2201

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Downloads: 197

SMRUTI PITTYARTH NANI

Vijay Ananat Kulkarni

Issue: Apr-May, 2015 | Volume/Issue:2/9 | Page No.: 2202 - 2209

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Downloads: 251

FOOD FOR THOUGHT: FOOD IMAGERY IN LAURA ESQUIVEL LIKE WATER FOR CHOCOLATE

Divya S

Issue: Apr-May, 2015 | Volume/Issue:2/9 | Page No.: 2210 - 2218

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For feminists, the kitchen is a symbol of the world of traditionally marginalized woman. It is a space that associated with repetitive work, lacking any "real" creativity, and having no possibility for the fulfilment of women\'s existential needs, individualization or self-expression. Latin American women writer Laura Esquivel through her debut novel Like Water for Chocolate: A Novel in Monthly Installments with Recipes, Romances and Home Remedies (Como agua para chocolate: Novela de entregas mensuales can recetas, amores y remedios caseros ) expresses a different, quite parodic and critical gender perspective that women can use food as a path to power and a part of a cultural cauldron involving sensuality and machismo. This paper is focuses on how food imagery is particularly important in the novel as a voice for women and their abundant emotions. Keywords: Creativity, Power, Individuality, Existential Needs, Self-Expression, Gender, Sensuality

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SUPREMACY OF LAW IS THE AIM, RULE OF LAW IS THE BEST TOOL TO ACHIEVE THIS AIM: ANALYSIS AND CRITICALLY EXAMINE THE SCOPE OF RULE OF LAW IN INDIA

Rajesh Kumar

Issue: Apr-May, 2015 | Volume/Issue:2/9 | Page No.: 2219 - 2227

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concept of Rule of Law is that the state is governed, not by the ruler or the nominated representatives of the people but by the law. The Constitution of India intended for India to be a country governed by the rule of law. It provides that the constitution shall be the supreme power in the land and the legislative and the executive derive their authority from the constitution. The King is not the law but the law is king. It means that the law rules over all people including the persons administering the law. The law makers need to give reasons that can be justified under the law while exercising their powers to make and administer law. Rule of Law plays an important role in the democratic countries. It provides protection to the people against the arbitrary action of the administrative authorities. The expression ‘rule of law’ has been derived from the French phrase ‘la Principle de legality’ i.e. a government based on the principles of law. In simple words, the term ‘rule of law, indicates the state of affairs in a country where, in main, the law rules. Law may be taken to mean mainly a rule or principle which governs the external actions of the human beings and which is recognized and applied by the State in the administration of justice. It is impossible to get the supremacy of law without the rule of law. Keywords: Rule of Law, La Principe De Legalite, droit administrative, Ultra vires, Arbitrariness, Personal Liberty

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Inclusion of Linguistic Minorities in Education: The Indian Dillema

Russell Al Farabi

Issue: Apr-May, 2015 | Volume/Issue:2/9 | Page No.: 2228 - 2234

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This paper examines the provision for inclusion of linguistic minorities in India by presenting an overview of the existing linguistic diversity in India and the historical background that has contributed to the present diversity. It also examines the National Language Policy and the States Re-organisation which have contributed to the political identification of majority-minority linguistic groups. In addition to this it also outlines the Constitutional rights and safeguards guaranteed by the Constitution.

What lies at the core of Indian Constitution is that all communities should co-exist as equals despite cultural backgrounds. But, just by granting equality to people would by no means solve the problem. The minority communities needed special Constitutional rights to lead a life of liberty in order to follow and to protect their own cultural identity For instance, the minority religious communities and linguistic minority communities needed liberty and protection to follow their own religious practices and beliefs and to promote their identity through their respective languages. Therefore the Constitution linked “equality for the individual with equality for diverse communities”.

Keywords: Linguistic Minority, Constitutionally rights, Language Policy

Downloads: 191

HUMAN DIMENSION OF DEVELOPMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE: NEEDS NEW MODEL OF DEVELOPMENT

Mohinder Kumar Slariya

Issue: Apr-May, 2015 | Volume/Issue:2/9 | Page No.: 2234 - 2258

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To make life more comfortable, since ages, man has been altering the nature in the name of development. In the era of rapid industrialization consciously or unconsciously, he unscientifically utilize the natural resources and resulting into the major problems of 21st century including environmental pollution and global warming on the one hand and creating more problems to the human beings by ignoring human dimensions which get accelerated in context of climate change. Hydroelectric power development is one such developmental initiative which is sine-quo-none of any development and instrumental to achieve desired goals of any society or any economy. But such developments at what cost? Human dimension of such development has remained unaddressed and today it is becoming alarming. This question has been analyzed in present paper. The present paper is based on micro study, exploratory in nature, conducted in 22 villages by dividing in 5 research clusters and interviewing 200 respondents in NHPC owned Chamera-I power project. It is an analytical analysis of deprivations received because of it’s construction and put the people in psychological trauma. The impact can be divided in two broad categories; one, project affects people (PAP), who got displaced and got compensation, jobs in NHPC and resettled somewhere in the part of the district or state. The second category; who have not affected as per the revenue/policy document of NHPC and can be called as Not Project Affected People (Not-PAP). But in real sense, they are the people who are facing ill effects of this developmental activity and at present, they are dying every moment, every hour and every day and moreover, their concerns have never listened and never answered by state govt. as well as by the executors. To address the issue existing Lobbyist Pressurized Model of development should be replaced by Benefit Sharing Participatory Model of development Keywords: Development, Hydroelectric Power Projects, Displacement, Psychological trauma, PAP & Not-PAP, Benefit Sharing Participatory Model.

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URBAN HEALTH AND SANITATIONS OF THE BELOW POVERTY LINE FAMILIES

G.R. Rathod, Athing Ningshen & Mr. Vijay Koli

Issue: Apr-May, 2015 | Volume/Issue:2/9 | Page No.: 2259 - 2273

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The urban below poverty line (BPL) family’s health problems is a cumulative result of inadequate shelter, lack of clean water, sanitation and sewage disposal systems. Moreover, poor health is a major determinant of household vulnerability. Serious illness of the health demands of a sickly child, or an aging or any family member push poor households to insurmountable levels of poverty. The data is obtained from 370 below poverty line families from 12100 household of 27 wards of Imphal Municipal council by using Krejcie and Morgan models for determining the size of the samples. The present research objectives are an attempt to explore and examine the conditions of living spaces, foods habits, health care and sanitations of the urban BPL families in Imphal city. In this study the health and sanitations are analyzed on the health-related issues of housing density and space; contaminated water and food; economic inconsequence of health care as well as poor drainage and garbage collection and inadequate sanitation, etc. Keywords: Urban Health and Sanitations

Downloads: 207

JOB SATISFACTION OF CONTRACT TEACHERS AND REGULAR TEACHERS IN RELATION TO GENDER AT SECONDARY LEVEL

Sanjukta Bhuyan & Bimal Prasad Mallick

Issue: Apr-May, 2015 | Volume/Issue:2/9 | Page No.: 2274 - 2282

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This study is an attempt to find out the variation in job satisfaction of the contract teachers and regular teachers on the basis of their gender. The sample comprised of 120 Secondary School teachers; out of them 60 were contract teachers and 60 were regular teachers. Further 30 male and 30 female teachers were included both contract and regular groups. The sample was selected out of 20 Secondary Schools applying simple random sampling procedure. Job satisfaction scale of Singh and Sharma was used for collection of data. The ‘t’ test was applied in order to calculate the significance difference between two group means. The results indicated that regular teachers have more job satisfaction in comparison to contract teachers. There was significant difference between contract teachers and regular teachers regarding job satisfaction. There was no gender variation among the contract teachers and regular teachers in regard to job satisfaction. Keywords: Job Satisfaction and Contract Teachers

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STUDY OF ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT OF STUDENTS IN RELATION TO ORGANIZATIONAL CLIMATE OF THEIR SCHOOLS

Mrs. Anju Mehta & Ms. Amandeep Kaur

Issue: Apr-May, 2015 | Volume/Issue:2/9 | Page No.: 2283 - 2295

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Achievement depends upon many factors like intelligence, aptitude, interest, socio-economic conditions, motivation, teaching method, health, medium of instructions, parental encouragement, emotional climate and educational facilities in home and school. Thus the study of psychological environment within a school and its impact on the various personality aspects of those belonging to the school is of vital importance. Now a day it becomes necessary to examine the structural and psychological environment of a school and its impact on the performance of all individuals. School climate may also enhance the learning and make the child academically strong. If the child interacts with the teachers he/she will learn better and their results will be positive. For this study a sample of 237 students (boys &girls) was taken from Govt. and Non-govt. Secondary schools studying in 10+1 class from Amritsar city. 105 students were taken from Govt., and 132 students from Non-Govt. Secondary schools. 50 teachers of the same schools were taken to study the organization climate of the school. School Organizational Climate Description Questionnaire (SOCDQ) and for academic achievement %age of final examination scores of 10th class was taken. Categories were assigned to the climate of each school on the basis of raw scores. Mean, SD & DM were calculated from the raw scores of academic achievement of the students in Govt. and Non-Govt. schools separately. There after ‘t’ ratios were calculated to check the significance at 0.01 level of confidence. The coefficient of Pearson Product Moment of Correlation (r) was calculated to find the relationship between the organizational climate and academic achievement. Keywords: Academic achievement, organization climate, scholastic, Government , Non –Government schools

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WOMEN SOCIAL STATUS IN EXISTING SOCIAL SCENARIO

Meena Sharma

Issue: Apr-May, 2015 | Volume/Issue:2/9 | Page No.: 2303 - 2308

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The term women rights refers to freedom and entitlement of Women & girls of all ages. These rights may or may not be ignored or suppressed by law, local customs & behavior in a particular society. women in India carry a strong desire for freedom. The status at which women reached during the present era is not achieved due to the kindness of men or due to natural progress; it is rather achieved through a long struggle & sacrifice on women’s part. The legal status of Women in India has been subjected to many changes; many acts were also passed for benefits, welfare and development of women which were accepted by the society. It is pleasant to talk about women liberation, but no one has really given them freedom despite of all the laws. Constitute provide many rights to the women but the practical fact is that she does not get her actual rights. The status of women has to start from the social framework, social structure, and cultural norms. Value systems influence social expectations regarding the behavior of both men & women & determine a woman\'s role along with her position in society to a great extent. The significance and the purpose of the paper is to make people aware about the status of women in our society, firstly freedom should be given to them so that they can feel empowered. The present paper presents the social status of women in India and focuses on the gap between the position and role according to the laws and constitution.

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APPRAISAL OF TASK AND EGO ORIENTATION AMONG INDIVIDUAL AND TEAM SPORTSPERSONS

Sonia Saini,

Issue: Apr-May, 2015 | Volume/Issue:2/9 | Page No.: 2309 - 2315

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The present study was conducted to assess the task and ego orientation among selected individual and team sportspersons. Total one hundred and fifty (N=150) male sportspersons were selected which includes seventy five (n=75) individual sportspersons selected from judo(n=25),wrestling(n=25) ,boxing (n=25) and seventy five (n=75) team sportspersons selected from basketball(n=25),handball (n=25),volleyball (n=25) who had participated in the inter-college competitions from various colleges were randomly selected to act as subjects. The age of subjects were ranged between 19 to 28 years. The one way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was applied to find out the significant differences among individual sportspersons and team sportspersons. Where ‘F’ ratio was found significant, Scheffe’s post-hoc test was applied to see the degree and direction of differences among individual and team sportspersons. The level of significance was set at 0.05. The results of One way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) among individual sportspersons (judo, wrestling and boxing) with regard to task orientation were found statistically significant (P<0.05) as the obtained P values (sig.) .021 were found lower than 0.05 level of confidence whereas, the results with regard to the ego orientation among individual sportspersons (judo, wrestling and boxing) were found statistically insignificant (P>0.05) as the obtained P values (sig.).752 were found higher than 0.05 level of confidence . However, the findings with regard to the task and ego orientation revealed statistically insignificant differences (P>0.05) among team sportspersons (basketball, handball and volleyball) as the obtained P values (sig.).157 and .094 respectively were found higher than 0.05 level of confidence. Keywords: Task orientation, Ego orientation, Individual Sportspersons, Team Sportspersons.

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AN EMPIRICAL STUDY TO BRIDGE THE GAP BETWEEN THE ACADEMICS AND INDUSTRY

Monalisa Roy & Barun Kumar Roy

Issue: Apr-May, 2015 | Volume/Issue:2/9 | Page No.: 2316 - 2327

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Universities and industry, which for long have been operating in separate domains, are rapidly coming closer to each other to create synergies. The constantly changing management paradigms, in response to growing complexity of the business environment today have necessitated these two to come closer. Higher education institutions not only contribute skilled human resources to business, but also in various intangible ways. The intersecting needs and mutually interdependent relationship requires identifying means of further strengthening academia-industry partnerships. Thus, the approach is required to chalking out a plan, so that institution can address the problem in its bud. This paper attempts to explore how business schools can work closely with industry, study the dimensions of academia-industry, and identify possible areas where industry’s input to academia would be most successful. This Exploratory study involves first hand information from faculty and heads of business schools on this issue, and focuses on the Indian scenario. Keywords: TOM, Professional institution, Academia-Industry Interface, Changing management paradigms.

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RASHTRIYA MADHYAMIK SHIKSHA ABHIYHAN: ISSUES AND CONCERNS

Namesh Kumar

Issue: Apr-May, 2015 | Volume/Issue:2/9 | Page No.: 2328 - 2334

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Education provides the surest instrument for attaining sustainable development of a high order in a country. In this regard, primary education acts as the basic enabling factor for participation, freedom and overcoming of basic deprivation; whereas secondary education facilitates economic development and establishment of social justice. Over the years, liberalisation and globalisation have led to rapid changes in scientific and technological world and have prompted the general needs of improved quality of life and reduced poverty. This undoubtedly necessitates the school leavers to acquire higher levels of knowledge and skills than what they are essentially imparted with throughout the eight years of elementary education. Also, a crucial stage in the educational hierarchy, secondary education empowers children to aggrandise nations by preparing them for higher education and also the world of work.Following the recommendations of New Education Policy of 1986 and Programme of Action, 1992 the Government of India initiated different schemes to support children of secondary and higher secondary schools at different points in time.

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A STUDY OF ORGANIZATIONAL ROLE STRESSES AMONG GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATE SCHOOL PRINCIPALS

B.P. Singh

Issue: Apr-May, 2015 | Volume/Issue:2/9 | Page No.: 2335 - 2339

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It is beyond doubt that timing of school principals, political pressure, social pressure, management pressure, coordination between teaching and non-teaching members, change of attitude of students and community towards teachers has increased the level of stress among school principals. Every day we talk of improving quality of education. All these indicate the stress and strain among principals and leads to serious health consequences. 200 private and government school principals selected through stratified random sampling from Haryana were administered organization role stress scale (Pareek, 1983). Comparison between private and government school principals was worked on its 10 dimensions by applying t-test. The results revealed that private school principal experienced higher organization role stress in the dimensions of inter-role distance, role stagnation, role isolation, personal inadequacy self role distance, role ambiguity and resource inadequacy than their counterpart. The results were discussed in view of changing global education system. Finding indicates that there is a need of periodic assessment of these stresses on the principals and to evolve the education system which reduces stress among the principals. Keywords: Organization role stress, principal.

Downloads: 298

MORAL JUDGEMENT AND SOCIAL MATURITY AMONG ADOLESCENT STUDENTS OF ROHTAK

Madhuri Hooda

Issue: Apr-May, 2015 | Volume/Issue:2/9 | Page No.: 2340 - 2352

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The present research work aims to study Moral Judgement among adolescent students of Rohtak in relation to their Social Maturity. The sample comprised of 300 students studying in 11th class. Moral Judgement of adolescents was judged by using MRT test by Km. Ranjana Gupta and Social Maturity of adolescent students was judged by using Social Maturity Scale by Nalini Rao. It was found that mean scores on Moral Judgement was found to be 91.51. Social Maturity of adolescent students was of high level in adolescent students. The coefficient of correlation between moral judgement is significant at .01 level. Keywords: Moral Judgement, Social Maturity, gender, locality, adolescents

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A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PERSONAL, PROFESSIONAL AND SOCIAL ADJUSTMENT OF TEACHERS WORKING IN GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATE SECONDARY SCHOOLS

B.P. Singh & Manju Kumari

Issue: Apr-May, 2015 | Volume/Issue:2/9 | Page No.: 2353 - 2363

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In the present study an attempt has been made to find out the relation between Government and private teacher working in the secondary school with respect to their personal, professional and social adjustment. In addition to this, their adjustment is also compared to male and female teachers working in the private and government school. For the present study a sample of 200 teachers is selected, out of these 100 are taken from private school and 100 are taken of Govt. School. Equal number of male and female teachers of private and Govt. School are selected. We have selected only 5 Govt. and 5 Private schools from Jind city only. To study these adjustment we have used teacher adjustment inventory by S.K. Mangal . the result indicates that there is a significant difference exist in personal, professional and social adjustment of these teachers. The govt. Teachers were found to be better adjusted as compared to the Private Teachers. While there is no difference in the adjustment behavior of male and female teachers of the same school

Downloads: 382

ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION AS RELATED TO PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT OF SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS

Mohd. Zubair Kales

Issue: Apr-May, 2015 | Volume/Issue:2/9 | Page No.: 2367 - 2382

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Motivation has long been considered by psychologists and educators as important factor that affects the students learning and achievement. It is a common contention that adaptive motivational orientations facilitate learning and maladapted ones impede it. The term motivation is derived from the Latin word “Morex” or “Motum” which means to more motor of motor. It is a move towards set goals. Therefore, motivation is a force, which energizes the behaviour of learners. Thus Achievement Motivation is also referred to as the need for achievement and is a wish to do well. It refers to the behaviour of an individual, who strive to accomplish something to do his best, to excel others in performance. By Parental Involvement we mean the amount of participation as parent has when it comes to schooling of her child’s life. It is the participation of parents in every facet of children’s education and development from birth of adulthood, Parent Involvement has a sound research base attesting to the many potential benefits it can offer in education, it generally benefits children’s and adolescents learning and academic success.

Downloads: 164

ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION AS RELATED TO PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT OF SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS

Rajeshri Soni, Rahul Mhabde &. Jaideo Deshmukh

Issue: Apr-May, 2015 | Volume/Issue:2/9 | Page No.: 2383 - 2394

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The importance of women has increased due to narrowing gender difference in education, income, and wealth over the time. Women’s have contributed nearly 50 % of nation wealth. As women play a major role in making financial decisions, it is important to understand their financial attitudes; their perception towards investment and investment awareness about different investment avenues. The study is empirical research based on the women residing in Nagpur. The study basically highlights the contribution of women in investment decision and their role towards responsible investment. This research is also carried out to find out various options available to the women investors, while doing their financial planning and to find out their buying behavior and attitude towards risk and return Keywords: Investment behaviours , Women investor, Investment avenues.

Downloads: 278

CURRENT STATUS OF HUMAN RESOURCES IN ACCOMMODATION SECTOR IN REFERENCE TO DEHRADUN AND MUSSOORIE

Neeraj Agarwal

Issue: Apr-May, 2015 | Volume/Issue:2/9 | Page No.: 2395 - 2407

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One of the fastest growing sectors of the economy is the hotel industry, a multi-billion dollar and growing enterprise. The hotel industry is diverse enough for human resource to work in different areas of interest and employed. Since hotels provide refined services to their guests and given the characteristics of service industry, the type of Human Resource strategies flowing from this approach is based on having a large number of highly skilled individuals who are likely to enjoy high levels of autonomy. Secondly, the quality enhancement strategies wherein hotels seek to gain competitive advantage by enhancing the product and service quality. Besides Hardwar & Rishikesh, Dehradun and Mussoorie are the entry point to the pilgrimage places of Garhwal. Apart from the traditional pilgrims and leisure tourists, both Dehradun and Mussoorie are attracting a lot of business and corporate travelers as the area is emerging as the business hub of the region. Hence there is a huge upsurge of accommodation and related industry in this region, and to provide better services one needs skilled manpower. This paper tries to throw light on current status of Human Resources in this region. Keywords: Service Industry, Skilled Manpower, Recruitment, Training, Quality

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THE HIMALAYAN DILEMMA RECONSIDERED: UNCERTAINTY AND THE GEOGRAPHY OF MOUNTAIN ENVIRONMENTS

Dr. Saurabh Singhal

Received Date: 14/04/2015 | Accepted Date: 20/05/2015 | Published Date: 04/06/2015

Issue: Apr-May, 2015 | Volume/Issue:2/9 | Page No.: 2408 - 2410

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for much of the later twentieth century a powerful narrative held that the mountains of the Himalaya were caught in a spiral of environmental ruin, in which growing highland populations stripped the forests, triggering erosion in the hills and catastrophic flooding in the plains below. This paper revisits that narrative and the influential reassessment that challenged it. It argues that the crisis narrative, however compelling, rested on weak evidence and a mistaken model of mountain processes, and that the reassessment known as the Himalayan dilemma replaced it with a more honest picture, one marked by deep uncertainty, enormous natural variability, and a complex and often weak link between highland land use and lowland disaster. The paper draws out the lessons of this episode for the geography of mountain environments and for the management of their water. It argues that mountain systems are characterised by a variability and an uncertainty that defeat simple cause-and-effect stories, that confident crisis narratives can do real harm by misdirecting policy and blaming mountain communities unjustly, and that humility before uncertainty is the beginning of wisdom in mountain environmental management.

Keywords: Himalaya; environmental degradation; uncertainty; mountain geography; crisis narrative