Understanding the Nature of  Science is a most relevant factor for improving scientific literacy. In the Science curriculum Nature of Science(NOS) place is very important and it is increasing worldwide. Therefore, teachers must understand NOS  so that intended learning outcomes become visible in the classroom. Preservice teachers also need an opportunity to expand their knowledge and understanding of the nature of science(NOS). Scientific literacy demands students’ experiences of science concepts to help them make informed decisions about scientifically-based personal and social matters.

Research shows that K-12 students, Undergraduate students, and even Preservice Science teachers face problems in their classroom transactions regarding NOS concepts. The lack of concentrated NOS instruction allows to development of misconceptions About NOS. This NOS misconception leads to problematic beliefs such as the following: Science can prove or disprove the supernatural. Science is the ultimate authority and science and scientists should not be trusted. Further inadequate NOS understanding is the primary cause for the students' belief pattern on science and their faith.

In this research article, the researcher has presented an explanation of the relationship between participation in curricular activities and academic success by comprehensively reviewing various recent literatures. The researcher concluded that participation in curricular activities has both positive and negative impact on the academic performance of students of all categories. Sports being a large part of the curricular spectrum, this article also attempts to examine studies that analyze the effects of physical and mental activity on academic performance. Previous studies reviewed in the relevant literature show that curricular activities have a positive impact on academics and students when they contribute to a balanced life, self-confidence, an increased sense of personal responsibility, and feelings of belonging and contribution to school. These curricular activities have a negative impact when they create an overloaded individual schedule and require students to define themselves primarily based on their activities other than that of other students. Related studies also found that the general effects of physical and mental activity had both positive and negative correlations with academic success, but most studies lacked the evidence needed to draw any definitive conclusions regarding the relationship. Thus, curricular activities have become an integral part of the modern-day educational curriculum. It provides an opportunity for positive character building to the students. The main objective of the present study is to identify the impact of curricular activities on the academic performance of students.

In the rapidly evolving landscape of education, the integration of internet resources has emerged as a transformative force in teacher education, particularly within Bachelor of Education (B.Ed.) programs. This study employs qualitative methods to unravel the intricate factors influencing the adoption of internet resources. By delving into the experiences and perspectives of key stakeholders, including B.Ed. students, faculty, and practitioners, we aim to illuminate the nuanced interplay of individual, institutional, and contextual elements shaping the integration of digital resources.

The findings reveal critical themes that influence adoption. These include the perceived pedagogical relevance of resources, the significance of institutional support and resources, varying levels of technological self-efficacy among students, the alignment of resources with student-centered learning, identified barriers to adoption, and the need for ongoing professional development and training.

This study's significance extends beyond pedagogical practices in B.Ed. programs. It holds broader implications for the evolution of teacher education paradigms. By understanding these factors, we offer actionable insights for educators, policymakers, and curriculum designers, fostering a generation of educator’s adept at navigating the dynamic educational landscapes of the 21st century.

This research underscores the imperative of adapting teacher education to the demands of our technologically driven era. By equipping future educators with the requisite technological proficiency and fostering environments conducive to digital resource integration, we forge a path towards more effective and relevant education. The journey towards technologically enhanced teacher education is a collective endeavor, one that promises to shape the future of education for generations to come.

In the rapidly evolving landscape of education, the integration of internet resources has emerged as a transformative force in teacher education, particularly within Bachelor of Education (B.Ed.) programs. This study employs qualitative methods to unravel the intricate factors influencing the adoption of internet resources. By delving into the experiences and perspectives of key stakeholders, including B.Ed. students, faculty, and practitioners, we aim to illuminate the nuanced interplay of individual, institutional, and contextual elements shaping the integration of digital resources.

The findings reveal critical themes that influence adoption. These include the perceived pedagogical relevance of resources, the significance of institutional support and resources, varying levels of technological self-efficacy among students, the alignment of resources with student-centered learning, identified barriers to adoption, and the need for ongoing professional development and training.

This study's significance extends beyond pedagogical practices in B.Ed. programs. It holds broader implications for the evolution of teacher education paradigms. By understanding these factors, we offer actionable insights for educators, policymakers, and curriculum designers, fostering a generation of educator’s adept at navigating the dynamic educational landscapes of the 21st century.

This research underscores the imperative of adapting teacher education to the demands of our technologically driven era. By equipping future educators with the requisite technological proficiency and fostering environments conducive to digital resource integration, we forge a path towards more effective and relevant education. The journey towards technologically enhanced teacher education is a collective endeavor, one that promises to shape the future of education for generations to come.

In the rapidly evolving landscape of education, the integration of internet resources has emerged as a transformative force in teacher education, particularly within Bachelor of Education (B.Ed.) programs. This study employs qualitative methods to unravel the intricate factors influencing the adoption of internet resources. By delving into the experiences and perspectives of key stakeholders, including B.Ed. students, faculty, and practitioners, we aim to illuminate the nuanced interplay of individual, institutional, and contextual elements shaping the integration of digital resources.

The findings reveal critical themes that influence adoption. These include the perceived pedagogical relevance of resources, the significance of institutional support and resources, varying levels of technological self-efficacy among students, the alignment of resources with student-centered learning, identified barriers to adoption, and the need for ongoing professional development and training.

This study's significance extends beyond pedagogical practices in B.Ed. programs. It holds broader implications for the evolution of teacher education paradigms. By understanding these factors, we offer actionable insights for educators, policymakers, and curriculum designers, fostering a generation of educator’s adept at navigating the dynamic educational landscapes of the 21st century.

This research underscores the imperative of adapting teacher education to the demands of our technologically driven era. By equipping future educators with the requisite technological proficiency and fostering environments conducive to digital resource integration, we forge a path towards more effective and relevant education. The journey towards technologically enhanced teacher education is a collective endeavor, one that promises to shape the future of education for generations to come.

In the rapidly evolving landscape of education, the integration of internet resources has emerged as a transformative force in teacher education, particularly within Bachelor of Education (B.Ed.) programs. This study employs qualitative methods to unravel the intricate factors influencing the adoption of internet resources. By delving into the experiences and perspectives of key stakeholders, including B.Ed. students, faculty, and practitioners, we aim to illuminate the nuanced interplay of individual, institutional, and contextual elements shaping the integration of digital resources.

The findings reveal critical themes that influence adoption. These include the perceived pedagogical relevance of resources, the significance of institutional support and resources, varying levels of technological self-efficacy among students, the alignment of resources with student-centered learning, identified barriers to adoption, and the need for ongoing professional development and training.

This study's significance extends beyond pedagogical practices in B.Ed. programs. It holds broader implications for the evolution of teacher education paradigms. By understanding these factors, we offer actionable insights for educators, policymakers, and curriculum designers, fostering a generation of educator’s adept at navigating the dynamic educational landscapes of the 21st century.

This research underscores the imperative of adapting teacher education to the demands of our technologically driven era. By equipping future educators with the requisite technological proficiency and fostering environments conducive to digital resource integration, we forge a path towards more effective and relevant education. The journey towards technologically enhanced teacher education is a collective endeavor, one that promises to shape the future of education for generations to come.

Language acquisition and proficiency play a vital role in educational attainment, with motivation serving as a crucial determinant of success. This study delves into the complex interplay between motivational factors and academic achievement in Bengali language learning among secondary students. Recognizing Bengali's profound cultural and societal significance, we aim to uncover the nuanced motivations that drive students towards linguistic mastery and subsequent academic success. Drawing on a qualitative research approach, we engaged fifteen secondary students in individual semi-structured interviews. Thematic analysis revealed five key motivational themes: intrinsic motivation and personal goals, teacher support and encouragement, perceived relevance to future goals, peer influence and collaborative learning, and resilience in overcoming challenges. These findings underscore the importance of recognizing students' personal goals and aspirations in language learning. Supportive teacher-student relationships emerged as pivotal in fostering motivation, as did the perceived practical relevance of Bengali proficiency in future endeavors. Peer interactions and the ability to surmount challenges further contributed to students' motivation. Theoretical frameworks, including Social Cognitive Theory, Self-Determination Theory, and Expectancy-Value Theory, offer valuable insights into the motivational dynamics at play. Implications for practice highlight the need for tailored interventions that nurture intrinsic motivation, promote positive teacher-student interactions, emphasize the practical value of language proficiency, and encourage collaborative learning. While this study provides valuable insights, it is essential to acknowledge its limitations, including the specific demographic focus. Future research could explore motivational factors in broader contexts and consider additional variables that may impact language learning motivation.

This research advances our understanding of the motivational landscape in Bengali language learning among secondary students. The findings offer practical guidance for educators and policymakers to enhance language education practices, with broader implications for language acquisition in diverse educational settings.

As we know motivation is a mechanism which ultimately influences people to act in a desired way. Here in this study we try to focus on the theoretical aspects of motivation from the early era and also from contemporary era. And we are trying to find out some common issues about these motivational theories from different time periods. By finding out these familiar factors it will ultimately help us to better understand the importance and proper application of motivational theories in a professional environment

Replication is the principle of Research. Replication means a repetition of the basic research. This article focused on replications of experimental research and its scientific background. In all experimental research study, some variation exists because the research units, such as samples, time, geographic condition, weather condition, psychological factors, primary and secondary information, extraneous variables interactive and reactive factors, which cannot be physically identical, therefore its influence cannot be controlled during the experiment.

Replication in physical education is also important, to collect evidence for the application of a particular program (X). However, the principle of replication is ignored by the physical educators. Focus on new problems, Non-Professional Researchers, Research for only Degree etc., may be the reasons for non-replication in physical education.

The replication studies conducted compare the original results of the basic experiment as well as attempts to validate the findings of a prior piece of research. Replications help to determine the influence of across Time, Area, Condition, Sampling and Method factor. More trials of replication provide more results and its average will be close to the expected value. More time tested any program is always better and eligible to generalize. Hence, based on ‘Law of Inertia of Large Number’, replications of the basic experiment are always helpful to increase validity of the result of basic experiment.

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The increasing age decreases sensation of taste, smell vision, hearing, mental ability, organic functions, cardio respiratory endurance, muscular strength, flexibility, muscular endurance, balance and reaction time etc. However, there is no fitness programme prepared by the Government of India for the elderly people. Many literature revel that, older adults have a highest rate of chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, osteoporosis and arthritis. Muscles and bones are found weaker in older adults, these changes in the muscles, joints, and bones effect on accurate movement and create difficulties in maintaining dynamic and static balance, due to this, senior citizens feel uncertain future of the health and fitness. Available literatures revealed that Yoga Program is effective in improving mental ability, organic functions, cardio respiratory endurance, muscular strength, flexibility, muscular endurance, balance and reaction time. Major responsible components of Mobility Kills also required strong mental ability, organic functions, cardio respiratory endurance, muscular strength, flexibility, muscular endurance, balance and reaction time. Population- Present experiment was undertaken by considering the population of aged 60 to 70 years. Selection of Sample- Thirty Male (n=30)  Senior Citizen, aged 60 to 70 yrs., from Juinagar Senior Citizen Club, Juinagar, Navi Mumbai., were randomly selected by using random sampling method as sample. Research Design- Double Pre-Test Post-Test Single Group Design was used. Procedure of the Experiment- As per the experimental research design the experiment was planned in four phases. Phase-I was Pretest-1, Phase-II was Pretest-2, Phase-III was ‘Yogic Training Intervention’ for daily one hour in the morning for ten weeks except Sundays, and Phase-IV was Post-test. Conclusion- This study is concluding that ‘Ten weeks Yogic intervention’ is effective in improving Mobility Skill in Elderly.

Keywords- Yoga, Mobility Skill, Elderly

Governance is the deliberate and conscious operation of governance structures for enhancing the public realm. Governance can be viewed from social, political and profitable perspectives. Indeed, good governance is vital to the development process. Development linked governance has been an issue much batted in the contemporary world. The term ‘governance’ has taken an important wider meaning and is no longer confined to ‘rule’ or ‘administration’ but is used in a broader sense to indicate the manner in which power is exercised. Since power can be exercised in any manner as asked, certain principles would be needed in order to judge whether the converse of the power has been made as per certain norms and morals. similar judgment can be grounded on several criteria – participation of citizens, upholding the rule of law, translucency of the system, responsiveness of the authority, agreement acquainted policy, equity and inclusiveness of the policy, responsibility of the system, strategic vision of the authority, etc. The present conceptual paper is to focused on Study the significance of Governance In Indian Politics: Issues and Challenges with prime aims (i) To understand the concept of Good Governance. (ii) To discuss the Principles of Good Governance in Indian Politics. (iii) To analyse the Challenges of Good Governance in Indian Politics. The methodology of the research is a different type involving an interpretative, conversation, observation and study secondary sources, like books, articles, journals, thesis, university news, expert opinion, and websites, etc.

Key Words: Significance of Governance, Indian Politics, Principles and Challenges

There is little difference between online and traditional marketing. In both cases there are attempts at achieving customer satisfaction to ensure regular patronage by attracting new customers, retain present customers win over Losi customer. Relevancy and usefulness of product and service to customer needs is required to make sure there is constant and continuous utilization. The approaches to the effective use of technologies in marketing will   need to be studied

Covid-19 pandemic struct the world and the pandemic began in India from January 2020. The country was in lockdown due to the pandemic from the end of March 2020.In this period only emergency services were available and other services were closed or were occurring online after sometime. From this period, technology supported many organisations like Non-Governmental Organisations, Retailers, Food-delivery Businesses, Schools and it has helped the Government institutions to spread information and awareness. This uses of technology have increased after the pandemic and the number of people being technology friendly has increased. Therefore, the objective of the paper is to observe that whether the use of technology and have increased and if there is increase in use of technology in which sector it has increased

               In the present study investigator investigate the computer phobia of senior secondary school teacher teaching in senior secondary school in Himachal Pradesh for this investigation The sample included only school teachers teaching in senior secondary schools of Mandi and Kullu Disttt. of Himachal Pradesh. The study was confined to a sample of 400 teachers. The study was restricted to two variables i.e. computer phobia as dependent variable and gender, independent variables. In the present study Computer Phobia Scale constructed and standardized by Dr. Rajasekar and Dr. Vaiyapuri Raja was used by the researcher. Statistics is a mathematical technique or process of gathering, describing, organizing, analysis and interpreting numerical data. The statistical techniques are used to give meaningful and consider picture of the whole data so that it could be easily comprehended. It is employed to test the hypotheses in the study. In order to study the distribution of computer phobia scores of secondary school teachers, descriptive statistics like mean, median, mode, S.D. ,Q.D., skewness and kurtosis was used.  For studying the gender-wise, significance of the difference in the computer phobia among school teachers teaching in senior secondary schools, t-test was used and the investigator find that their was no significant difference in the mean scores of overall computer phobia of male and female school teachers teaching in senior secondary schools

              Technology is advancing at a breakneck pace these days, affecting virtually every aspect of our lives. Because of the old educational system's incapacity to meet today's complex needs, which include dynamic and evolving rapidly, education systems worldwide are being forced to make radical changes. The term "digital education refers to using technology, digital content, and instruction in the education system to make it more effective and efficient than the previous traditional education system." Using digital classrooms to supplement and enhance traditional teaching and learning techniques is becoming increasingly popular. Smart classrooms with an audio and visual system and PPT presentations replace conventional classrooms with blackboards.

In the same way, textbooks are being phased out in favour of electronic versions. Consequently, we are shifting away from traditional teaching and learning methods in favour of a more technologically advanced method of teaching and learning: virtual teaching and learning skills. This chapter aims to explain how India's education system has been digitized. With the help of this chapter, an attempt has been made to comprehend the emerging trends in Indian digital education systems that will help shape the lives of our future generations while also addressing the fundamental difficulties of the Indian educational system.

Keywords: Educational Technology, Digital Education, Indian Education System, ICT, NEP-2020

This research paper documents the perceptions of student-teachers and teacher educators about the practice of community engagement in secondary teacher education institutions. The data were collected through two self-developed questionnaires from 160 student teachers and 35 teacher educators from five teacher education institutions of Odisha affiliated to Utkal University. The findings reveal that community activities are organised as per the course structure such as: awareness Programmes, mass safai, plantations, road repair, blood donation camps in the community. The resources are not recognized and utilized for school improvement. As observed during data collection that community engagement is practised in all the secondary teacher education institutions, but need to be in full-fledged manner.

We learn the different experiences in different situations for the whole life from birth, life can be called a kind of journey of learning experience. We gain time to time different experiences regarding different concepts or the single one. Learning experiences has no time or age limits. It can happen or occur anytime. It can be academic or non-academic. Learnings can take place even from a child as well as from the adult one. It can prove itself as a boon for all of us. We learn experiences from the starting point of our life till the ending point.

This research project aims to give a complete examination of the implications and repercussions of the Marriage Law Amendment Bill 2021 and personal marriage laws on transgender people's rights and lived experiences. Legal rules governing marriage and gender recognition have long been a source of controversy and prejudice for transgender persons in many nations. The Marriage Law Amendment Bill 2021, in particular, provides a chance to assess its ramifications for this underserved population. The study takes a comparative approach to assessing the interaction between legislative changes and personal marriage laws impacting transgender people. It dives into the complexities of this interaction, addressing problems like as legal recognition of gender identity, marital equality, access to healthcare, and cultural acceptance. This research also looks at how diverse personal marriage laws, customs, and practices overlap with, or even clash with, the rights of transgender people in marriage. This study attempts to offer insight on the obstacles and possibilities experienced by transgender people in the context of marriage by studying the influence of these legal and social constructions. It also aims to provide insights that may be used to inspire legislative proposals, legal reforms, and cultural shifts that promote more inclusiveness and equality for transgender people in marriage.

Human rights violations in military and political conflicts are a global concern that continues to affect individuals and communities on a large scale. This abstract provides a concise overview of the key issues related to this complex problem. Military and political conflicts often lead to widespread human rights abuses, including extrajudicial killings, torture, displacement, and sexual violence. These violations have a profound and lasting impact on civilians, causing loss of life, trauma, and societal upheaval. The international community has established a robust framework of human rights laws and treaties, such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the Geneva Conventions, which provide a basis for safeguarding human rights even during armed conflicts. However, achieving accountability for perpetrators of human rights violations remains a challenge, with issues such as impunity and political influence hindering justice. Preventing human rights violations necessitates addressing the root causes of conflicts, promoting diplomacy, and resolving underlying grievances. The "Responsibility to Protect" principle underscores the international community's duty to intervene when states fail to protect their citizens from mass atrocities. Civil society organizations, activists, and human rights defenders play a pivotal role in documenting abuses, advocating for justice, and pressuring authorities and international bodies to address human rights violations. In post-conflict settings, restorative justice mechanisms, including truth and reconciliation commissions, reparations, and memorialization efforts, can help rebuild trust and foster reconciliation among conflicting parties. Addressing human rights violations in military and political conflicts requires a multifaceted approach that respects international human rights norms, holds perpetrators accountable, prevents conflicts, and supports the healing and reconciliation of affected communities. International cooperation, political commitment, and a steadfast dedication to human rights are indispensable in working towards a world where such violations are minimized and eventually eradicated.

Keywords: War, Military, Political, Human Rights, Civilian, Crime, Freedom.

India has conducted over 30 rescue operations or expatriate evacuations across Asia and Africa, since 1947. However, our initial experience in evacuating Indian citizens from trans-border crisis situations was ad-hoc, sometimes with procedural & execution deficiencies. While considerable efforts have been made by successive governments in the past, this subject has largely remained understudied, with very limited studies & research available in the public domain. This paper intends to highlight the paradigm shift being witnessed in the evacuation of the Indian Diaspora from varied crisis situations since 2014, amidst the rising geopolitical status of India as well as capabilities in a largely dynamic international order.   

The North Eastern States of India have a defined uniqueness and peculiarity in their existence. Remotely located, smaller in size and dictated by cultural and tribal affinities these states have undergone substantial socio - political turbulences before reaching their current state. Always, an integral part of India somehow the natives of this region have carried a strange feeling of alienation against the Indian sentiment. While with passage of time this feeling may be on verge of mitigation these states are now faced with a stark reality of Economic backwardness and lack of development in comparison with rest of India as a whole. The prevalence of large-scale unemployment, drug abuse amongst youth and lack of skill development renders the population quite vulnerable, to exploitation by vested elements thereby steering them towards insurgency & terrorism. In my frequent visits to the region I have come across various sections of population who are deprived of realistic and basic HDI entitlements. Moreover, a strange sense of helplessness looms large wherein the people find themselves trapped in a vicious circle of poverty, lack of basic facilities and little development compounded by the elements of insurgency, terrorism, corruption and rampant parallel black economy. This vicious circle  has placed the entire North Eastern Region at a very critical juncture highly vulnerable to external abetment and influences. There exists a critical economic conundrum which restricts actual growth benefits from reaching the true beneficiary thereby creating further resentments against the state. A simple demography that takes pride in its tribal customs and cultural strength some how is not getting its dues thereby creating an adverse environment. This study aims to identify the relevance of these states, especially the economic aspects, and suggest an action plan to achieve holistic development of the region.

Present research paper explores about study the usability of Geo- literacy program for Geography subject.  Geo- literacy emphasizes the development of the students geographical prospective through the study of the relationship between natural elements and human life through geographic reasoning and the applications of geographical elements. The objectives of the paper are i. To know the knowledge of Geographical concepts of School Teachers. ii. To study the understanding of the study about inter-relationship between nature and human life. iii. To study the usability of  Geo- literacy program for Geography subject through School Teachers.

Research data collection tool ‘opinionnaire’ was used. Researchers developed a program based on Geo-literacy and give it to selected Geography teachers to read the program. Based on that teacher gave their opinions through ‘opinionnaire’. The opinionnaire consisted of 20 questions in total. In this, 15 questions were closed ended and 5 questions were open ended. Information was collected from the teachers in qualitative and quantitative form. The Researchers ranked the options in the following criteria. The information was analyzed and interpreted using Chi square test.

The methodology of the research is a different type involving an interpretative, conversation, observations and study secondary sources, like books, articles, journals, thesis, university news, expert opinion, and websites etc.